Table 1. PBMC Immune Profiling.
PBMCs derived from three patients including a control from age and sex matched untreated neuromyelitis optica patient without COVID, MOG optic neuritis with COVID patient (para-COVID ON), MOG optic neuritis 6 month post covid patients (post-COVID ON), and age and sex matched healthy controls (n=5) were stained with fluochrome-conjugated antibodies against different cell lineage markers and analyzed using flow cytometry. With limitation of our flow panel, natural killer T (NKT) cells were simply estimated as CD3+CD56+. Details are described in method section. The values that are larger than the mean + 2xSD of corresponding healthy controls are in red. The values that are less than the mean-2xSD of corresponding healthy controls are in blue.
| Patients: | Parameters | HC (Mean±SD) | Non-Covid NMO | ON with Covid | ON post-Covid |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PBMC Cell Lineages | |||||
| % of PBMC | Monocyte (%) | 25.6±11.3 | 9.58 | 14.7 | 7.92 |
| CD4+ T (%) | 31.7±13.0 | 55.68 | 42.13 | 26.57 | |
| CD8+ T (%) | 9.7±4.7 | 8.48 | 3.73 | 27.26 | |
| CD4/CD8 | 4.5±4.1 | 6.57 | 11.29 | 0.97 | |
| CD3+CD56+ (%) | 1.9±1.5 | 0.78 | 0.93 | 4.1 | |
| NK (%) | 7.1±2.5 | 7.9 | 20.68 | 3.08 | |
| B cells (%) | 4.5±1.7 | 5.46 | 3.39 | 5.99 | |
| Dendritic (%) | 2.5±1.5 | 0.99 | 1.32 | 1.15 | |
| Absolute # * | Monocyte (K/uL) | rangea (0.1–1.1) | 0.2 | 0.31 | 0.21 |
| CD4+ T (K/uL) | rangeb (0.46–1.72) | 1.17 | 0.88 | 0.72 | |
| CDS+ T (K/uL) | rangeb (0.135–0.852) | 0.18 | 0.08 | 0.74 | |
| CD3.CD56+ (K/uL) | NA | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.11 | |
| NK (K/uL) | rangeb (0.082–0.594) | 0.17 | 0.43 | 0.08 | |
| B cells (K/uL) | rangeb (0.092–0.515) | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.16 | |
| Lymphocyte (K/uL) | rangea (1.2–4.0) | 1.65 | 1.48 | 1.81 | |
| Dendritic (K/uL) | NA | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.03 | |
| HLA-DR+% | Monocyte (%) | 99.5±0.5 | 97.2 | 98.9 | 96.9 |
| CD4+ T (%) | 9.7±4.7 | 1.47 | 5.37 | 6.28 | |
| CD8+ T (%) | 6.4±1.9 | 3.58 | 10.1 | 6.63 | |
| CD3+CD56+ (%) | 4.1±1.9 | 2.96 | 14.1 | 7.87 | |
| NK (%) | 5.7±3.3 | 1.62 | 1.57 | 9.85 | |
| B cells (%) | 97.7±1.8 | 99.7 | 98.2 | 99.3 | |
| Dendritic (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | |
| T memory Subsets | |||||
| CD4+ T | Tn (%) | 41.8±20.8 | 68.9 | 52.9 | 14.5 |
| Tcm (%) | 24.1±10.3 | 20 | 29.4 | 30.6 | |
| Tem (%) | 29.1±15.7 | 9.87 | 16.2 | 44.3 | |
| Temra (%) | 5.0±6.6 | 1.24 | 1.45 | 10.6 | |
| CD8+ T | Tn (%) | 29.3±9.0 | 27.4 | 13.2 | 5.96 |
| Tcm (%) | 10.8±8.0 | 9.93 | 14.7 | 5.74 | |
| Tem (%) | 48.1±8.2 | 53.8 | 54.3 | 40.1 | |
| Temra (%) | 11.8±10.2 | 8.93 | 17.9 | 48.2 | |
| T helper Subsets | |||||
| T Helpers | Th1–17 (% of CD4+ T) | 16.1±7.6 | 4.58 | 8.89 | 32.99 |
| Th1 (% of CD4+ T) | 20.1±3.8 | 11.91 | 25.6 | 19.21 | |
| Th17 (% of CD4+ T) | 16.7±6.5 | 11.26 | 13.13 | 27.03 | |
| Th2 (% of CD4+ T) | 46.2±11.1 | 69.74 | 51.26 | 19.62 | |
| Tfh Subsets | Tfh1–17 (% of Tfh) | 25.2±11.5 | 9.43 | 16.91 | 24.5 |
| Tfh1 (% of Tfh) | 19.8±5.5 | 15.29 | 27.7 | 19.76 | |
| Tfh17 (% of Tfh) | 22.3±16.1 | 33.71 | 16.3 | 37.9 | |
| Tfh2 (% of Tfh) | 32.0±17.8 | 39.09 | 37.82 | 17.11 | |
| Treg | |||||
| CD25+ FoxP3+ (% of CD4+ T | 1.5±1.3 | 3.01 | 4.01 | 7.31 | |
| IL-10+.% of Treg (%) | NA | 12.8 | 3.7 | 4.2 | |
| Ki 61+% of Treg (%) | NA | 6.58 | 15.1 | 13.6 | |
Absolute # of normal control are presented as normal ranges:
given by clinical lab of University of Michigan or
from reference (Apoil et al, 2017)