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. 2024 Sep 12;15:7998. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-52396-1

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Quantifying Aβ on peripheral monocytes may serve as a non-invasive biomarker for AD. Our study included 150 participants (78 CU, 36 MCI, 36 AD-dementia). a–p A decrease in the percentage of Aβ⁺⁺ monocytes in MCI and AD-dementia compared to CU. Fluorescence intensity also showed a decrease in MCI and AD-dementia. A negative correlation was observed between the percentage of Aβ⁺⁺ monocytes and brain Aβ-PET burden. Similarly, fluorescence intensity is weakly correlated with the Aβ-PET burden. Correlations between the percentage of Aβ⁺⁺ monocytes, fluorescence intensity, and cognitive function were also observed, showing moderate correlations. The datasets were not normally distributed, and P-values were determined using the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by Dunn’s multiple comparisons test (solid zig-zag line). The column dot plots represent mean ± standard deviation. Correlation coefficients (r) and P-values were calculated using Spearman correlation analysis. q, r A multivariate model revealed the potential of monocyte surface Aβ in predicting brain Aβ-PET burden, with a panel of %Aβ⁺⁺ monocytes, %Aβ⁺ NK cells, %Aβ⁺⁺ classical monocytes, and %classic monocytes performing best (AUC = 0.871). The new panel significantly improved AD discrimination, with a sensitivity of 0.65 and specificity of 0.976.