Table 1. Genetic Disorders: Genes and Their Functions.

RP: Retinitis pigmentosa, adRP: autosomal dominant RP

Gene	Inheritance Pattern	Protein	Function	Associated Conditions	References
RHO	Autosomal Dominant	Rhodopsin	Light-sensitive receptor involved in phototransduction	adRP	[23]
RPGR	X-Linked	RPGR Protein	Involved in photoreceptor function and maintenance	X-linked RP	[40,41]
USH2A	Autosomal Recessive	Usherin	Role in photoreceptor development and function	Usher syndrome, non-syndromic RP	[42,43]
EYS	Autosomal Recessive	Eyes Shut	Important for photoreceptor structure and function	Non-syndromic RP	[30,44,45]
ABCA4	Autosomal Recessive	ABCA4 Protein	Involved in the visual cycle and lipid transport	Stargardt disease, non-syndromic RP	[46,47]
RPE65	Autosomal Recessive	RPE65	Critical for the regeneration of visual pigments	Leber congenital amaurosis, non-syndromic RP	[36,37]
NRL	Autosomal Recessive	Neural Retina Leucine Zipper	Transcription factor for rod photoreceptor development	Transcription factor for rod photoreceptor development	[48,49]
PRPH2	Autosomal Dominant	Peripherin	Structural protein in photoreceptor outer segments	adRP, macular degeneration	[50,51]
CRB1	Autosomal Recessive	Crumbs Homolog 1	Important for maintaining photoreceptor structure	Non-syndromic RP, Leber congenital amaurosis	[52,53]
RP1	Autosomal Dominant	RP1 Protein	Involved in photoreceptor structure and function	adRP	[54,55]