Table 3.

Results from multivariable generalized linear mixed-effects model, with ANA positivity as the binary outcome.

Variable	OR (95% CI)	P-value
Age (years)	0.998 (0.995, 1.001)	0.28
Female (Male referent)	1.32 (1.15, 1.53)	<0.001***
Race (White referent)
Black	0.97 (0.84, 1.12)	0.65
Other/unknown	1.01 (0.80, 1.27)	0.93
Ethnicity (non-Hispanic referent)
Hispanic	0.73 (0.55, 0.98)	0.03*
Unknown	1.55 (1.25–1.91)	<0.001***
Group (Non-SLE as referent)
SLE	2.10 (1.82, 2.43)	<0.001***
Time from first ANA test (months)
Non-SLE	1.002 (1.001, 1.004)	0.003**
SLE	0.995 (0.992, 0.997)	<0.001***

SLE group represents combined SLE groups; SLE based on ICD coding and SLE patients enrolled in the IRB-approved cleveland clinic lupus cohort (CCLC).

Non-SLE referent group represents combined ANA+ controls and ANA-associated disease groups.