Table 1.

Parameters and characteristics.

Dummy Coding
Patients’ Characteristics	Age	‘Young adults’: 0, ‘Middle adults’: 1, ‘Older adults’: 2
	Sex	‘Female’: 0, ‘Male’: 1
	Race	‘Black’: 0, ‘Others’: 1, ‘White’: 2
	Ethnicity	‘Hispanic’: 0, ‘Not Hispanic’: 1
	Smoking Status	‘Never’: 0, ‘Former’: 1,‘Current’: 2
Pre-hospital Comorbidities	COPD	‘False’: 0, ‘True’: 1
	Kidney Disease (stg1_4)	‘False’: 0, ‘True’: 1
	Kidney Disease (stg5)	‘False’: 0, ‘True’: 1
	Diarrhea	‘No Diarrhea’: 0, ‘Diarrhea’: 1
	Hypertension	‘No Hypertension’: 0, ‘Hypertension‘: 1
	Diabetes	‘No Diabetes’: 0, ‘Diabetes‘: 1
	Pneumonia	‘No Pneumonia‘: 0, ‘Pneumonia‘: 1
	Heart Failure	‘False’: 0, ‘True’: 1
	Cardiac Arrhythmias	‘False’: 0, ‘True’: 1
	Coronary Artery Disease	‘False’: 0, ‘True’: 1
	Dependence on Renal Dialysis	‘No’: 0, ‘Yes’: 1
	Cerebrovascular Disease	‘No’: 0, ‘Yes’: 1
	BMI	‘Underweight’: 0, ‘Normal Weight’: 1, ‘Overweight’: 2, ‘Obesity’: 3
	Liver Disease	‘No’: 0, ‘Yes’: 1
	Asthma	‘No’: 0, ‘Yes’: 1
	HIV	‘No’: 0, ‘Yes’: 1
	Cancer	‘No’: 0, ‘Yes’: 1
Medications	ARBs	‘No’: 0, ‘Yes’: 1
	ACEIs	‘No’: 0, ‘Yes’: 1

Dummy coding is adopted from our previous study [31].