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. 2024 Aug 26;13(17):1428. doi: 10.3390/cells13171428

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© 2024 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The characteristics of M1 and M2 macrophages. (a) M1 Macrophage; (b) M2 macrophage. M1 macrophages were mainly activated by LPS and TNF-α and secreted pro-inflammatory factors. M1 macrophages are involved in immune activation, promoting apoptosis and phagocytosis of cancer cells. M2 macrophages were mainly activated by IL-4 and mainly secreted anti-inflammatory factors, with high expression of CD206 and enhanced endocytosis. M2 macrophages have anti-inflammatory activity and participate in wound damage repair, phagocytosis, and clearance of apoptotic cells.