Table A1.
Characteristics of included studies.
| Study | Design | Subjects (n) | Smoking (n, %) | UIP Pattern (n, %) | Frequency of Lung Function Decline (n, %) | All-Cause Mortality (n, %) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Akiyama et al., 2016 [72] | Case/control retrospective (2008–2014) | 395 | 69 (20.3) | 78 (19.7) | 6 (1.5) | |
| Franzen et al., 2016 [83] | Observational retrospective (2013–2015) | 33 | 17 (51) | 6 (22) | ||
| Md Yusof et al., 2017 [84] | Observational retrospective (2004–2015) | 56 | 32 (57) | 20 (36) | 14 (25) | 9 (16) |
| Mochizuki et al., 2018 [40] | Observational retrospective, 47.8 months | 131 | ||||
| Kim et al., 2010 [60] | Observational retrospective (2001–2008) | 82 | 59 (72) | 20 (24) | 8 (9.7) | |
| Zamora-Legoff et al., 2016 [51] | Observational retrospective (1998–2014) | 167 | 105 (63) | 89 (53) | 33 (19) | |
| Dawson et al., 2015 [55] | Observational prospective, 2 years | 29 | 10 (34) | 10 (35) | 4 (14) | |
| Solomon et al., 2015 [44] | Observational retrospective (1995–2013) | 137 | 87 (64) | 108 (79) | 54 (39) | |
| Dixon et al., 2010 [37] | Observational registry-based cohort study, 3.8 years | 14.113 | 10799 (76) | 160 (1.13) | ||
| Wolfe et al., 2007 [70] | Case/control prospective, 3.6 years | 17498 | 100 (27) | |||
| Kurata et al., 2019 [85] | Observational retrospective (2008–2017) | 49 | 14 (35) | 6 (12) | ||
| Chen et al., 2020 [43] | Observational retrospective (2008–2017) | 241 | 88 (36) | 66 (27) | 39 (16) | |
| Hyldgaard et al., 2017 [86] | Case/control prospective (2004–2015) | 679 | 26 (3.8) | |||
| Koduri et al., 2010 [38] | Prospective cohort study (1986–1998) |
52 | 19 (36) | 39 (75) | ||
| Tsuchiya et al., 2011 [63] | Observational retrospective (1996–2006) | 144 | 54 (37.5) | 7 (5) | 71 (49) | |
| Song et al., 2012 [87] | Observational prospective (2002–2011) | 51 | 21 (41) | |||
| Izuka et al., 2021 [58] | Observational retrospective (2007–2019) | 165 | 73 (44) | 70 (42) | 30 (18) | 13 (8) |
| Nurmi et al., 2017 [49] | Observational retrospective (2000–2014) | 59 | 30 (51) | 31 (52) | 24 (41) | 27 (46) |
| Oh et al., 2022 [50] | Observational retrospective (1999–2015) | 144 | 63 (44) | 53 (37) | 44 (30) | |
| Hozumi et al., 2022 [56] | Observational retrospective (2007–2019) | 58 | 39 (67) | 34 (59) | 43 (74) | |
| Cano-Jiménez et al., 2021 [54] | Observational retrospective (2013–2018) | 106 | 63 (60) | 55(61) | 53 (50) | 18 (17) |
| Jacob et al., 2018 [57] | Observational retrospective (1995–2015) | 90 | 65 (72) | |||
| Kelly et al., 2014 [88] | Observational retrospective (1987–2012) | 230 | 135 (59) | 103 (65) | 90 (57) | |
| Ng et al., 2022 [69] | Observational retrospective (1997–2013) | 214 | 48 (22) | |||
| Li et al., 2019 [52] | Observational retrospective (2008–2017) | 278 | 106 (38) | 91 (33) | 83 (29) | 53 (69) |
| Juge et al., 2023 [89] | Observational retrospective (2013–2018) | 4330 | ||||
| Brooks et al., 2022 [46] | Prospective cohort study, 2 years | 227 | 192 (85) | 147 (65) | 108 (47) | |
| Rojas-Serrano et al., 2022 [90] | Observational prospective | 37 | ||||
| Kim et al., 2020 [47] | Observational retrospective (1995–2018) | 84 | 37 (44) | 34 (40) | 33 (39) | |
| Lee et al., 2016 [74] | Retrospective cohort study | 62 | 62 (100) | |||
| Avouac et al.2020 [42] | Observational prospective study | 147 | 52 (35) | 21 (14) | 7 (4.7) | |
| Ito et al., 2017 [53] | Observational retrospective (2007–2016) | 65 | 16 (24) | |||
| Font et al., 2017 [64] | Longitudinal prospective (2007–2017) | 37 | 26(72) | 24(66) | 7 (19) | |
| Nieto et al., 2021 [65] | Longitudinal prospective (2005–2018) | 47 | 25 (54) | 26 (55) | 10 (21) | 16 (34) |
| Yang et al., 2019 [10] | Longitudinal prospective (1991–2011) | 77 | 4 (5) | 32 (48) | 27 (36) | |
| Mena-Vázquez et al., 2024 [36] | Observational prospective (2015–2023) | 148 | 13 (18) | 46 (66) | 21 (30) | 1 (1.4) |
| Kim et al., 2024 [73] | Observational retrospective (1995–2018) | 313 | 139 (45) | 202 (65) | 125 (40) | |
| Chen et al., 2022 [43] | Observational prospective, 5 years | 60 | 3 (16) | 19 (49) | 4 (7) | |
| Kelly et al., 2021 [88] | Observational retrospective (1990–2015) | 290 | 174 (60) | 200 (69) | 75 (28) | |
| Venerito et al., 2022 [62] | Observational retrospective (2021–2022) | 30 | 18 (60) | 13 (43) | ||
| Yamakawa et al., 2019 [91] | Observational retrospective (2012–2017) | 96 | 45 (47) | 21 (20) | 11 (11) | 25 (26) |
| Ekici et al., 2021 [66] | Observational retrospective (2010–2018) | 156 | 67 (42) | 74 (47) | 40 (26) | |
| Kakutani et al., 2020 [67] | Observational retrospective (2009–2014) | 261/2702 | 120 (46) | 120 (46) | 19 (7) | |
| Wang et al., 2019 [39] | Observational retrospective (2016–2019) | 96 | 9 (20) | 18 (40) | 25 (56) | 4 (9) |
| Tanaka et al., 2021 [71] | Observational retrospective (2010–2019) | 125 | 59 (50) | 32 (25) | 37 (29) | |
| Kwon et al., 2022 [75] | Observational retrospective (2016–2022) | 310 | 87 (28) | 89 (29) | ||
| Kang et al., 2020 [68] | Retrospective cohort (2006–2015) | 1999 | 759 (38) | 415 (21) | ||
| Farquhar et al., 2024 [59] | Observational retrospective (2006–2008, 2011–2013) | 100 | 64 (64) | 38 (43) | 68 (73) | 26 (26) |
| Marcoux et al., 2023 [79] | Observational prospective (2015–2018) | 181 | 112 (70) | 66 (73) | 39 (24) | |
| Tyker et al., 2021 [45] | Observational retrospective (2006–2019) | 70 | 45 (64) | 47 (67) | 29 (70) |