Table 1.
Comparison of the ED mortality, in-hospital mortality, and survival groups of patients with cirrhosis presenting with upper GI bleeding at an ED.
| Demographics | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| In-Hospital Deaths | Survival | ED Deaths | Survival at ED | |||
| n = 3662 | n = 29,164 | n = 728 | n = 32,098 | |||
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 62.1 (13.9) | 58.8 (13.9) | p < 0.001 | 59.1 (14.2) | 59.9 (13.9) | p = 0.13 |
| Gender, male, N (%) | 2799 (76.43) | 21,369 (73.27) | p < 0.001 | 583 (80.1) | 23,585 (73.48) | p < 0.001 |
| Arrival by ambulance, N (%) | 420 (11.5) | 1588 (5.4) | p < 0.001 | 99 (13.6) | 1927 (6.6) | p < 0.001 |
| Triage level 1 or 2, N (%) | 2129 (58.1) | 11,078 (38.0) | p < 0.001 | 471 (64.7) | 12,727 (39.7) | p < 0.001 |
| Triage vital signs | ||||||
| BT, °C, median (IQR) | 36.2 (36.0–36.8) | 36.5 (36.0–36.9) | p < 0.001 | 36.2 (35.8–36.8) | 36.4 (36.0–36.8) | p < 0.001 |
| HR, bpm, median (IQR) | 99 (84–114) | 96 (82–112) | p = 0.006 | 102 (82–117) | 97 (82–112) | p = 0.99 |
| RR, breaths per minute, median (IQR) | 19 (18–20) | 20 (18–20) | p < 0.001 | 20 (18–22) | 19 (18–20) | p = 0.04 |
| SBP, mmHg, median (IQR) | 112 (93–135) | 126 (107–146) | p < 0.001 | 103 (82–128) | 126 (106–146) | p < 0.001 |
| DBP, mmHg, Median (IQR) | 66 (54–78) | 72 (61–84) | p < 0.001 | 60 (50–75) | 72 (61–83) | p < 0.001 |
| Initial laboratory data | ||||||
| Hb, g/dL, mean (SD) | 8.83, (2.47) | 9.27, (2.68) | p < 0.001 | 8.61, (2.62) | 9.24, (2.66) | p < 0.001 |
| Hct, %, mean (SD) | 26.5, (7.02) | 28.1, (7.45) | p < 0.001 | 26.3, (7.48) | 28.0, (7.42) | p < 0.001 |
| WBC, 1000/uL, mean (SD) | 11.5, (10.5) | 7.71, (4.92) | p < 0.001 | 12.7, (10.4) | 8.03, (5.6) | p < 0.001 |
| Segment, %, mean, (SD) | 77.1, (13.0) | 70.9, (12.3) | p < 0.001 | 74.2, (15.9) | 71.5, (12.4) | p < 0.001 |
| Platelets, 1000/uL, mean (SD) | 142.2, (103.4) | 121.7, (84.2) | p < 0.001 | 134.8, (113.2) | 123.7, (86.1) | p = 0.02 |
| PT, seconds, mean (SD) | 18.8, (10.0) | 14.6, (5.40) | p < 0.001 | 21.6, (12.2) | 14.9, (6.0) | p < 0.001 |
| INR, mean (SD) | 1.74, (1.0) | 1.35, (0.52) | p < 0.001 | 2.0, (1.26) | 1.4, (0.6) | p < 0.001 |
| BUN, mean (SD) | 46.9, (36.7) | 31.1, (25.5) | p < 0.001 | 43.6, (35.2) | 32.8, (27.3) | p < 0.001 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 2.35, (2.01) | 1.62, (1.86) | p < 0.001 | 2.47, (2.02) | 1.68, (1.89) | p < 0.001 |
| AST, U/L, mean (SD) | 307.6, (1341.8) | 92.0, (231.7) | p < 0.001 | 478.9, (2150.9) | 113.9, (442.1) | p < 0.001 |
| ALT, U/L, mean (SD) | 94.6, (221.6) | 46.2, (72.2) | p < 0.001 | 106.7, (285.1) | 49.8, (89.7) | p < 0.001 |
| Albumin, g/dL, mean (SD) | 2.6, (0.6) | 3.1, (0.7) | p < 0.001 | 2.5, (0.6) | 3.0, (0.7) | p < 0.001 |
| Total bilirubin, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 6.5, (8.0) | 2.6, (3.3) | p < 0.001 | 6.1, (7.1) | 3.0, (4.3) | p < 0.001 |
| Ammonia, ug/dL, mean (SD) | 199.6, (218.9) | 136.8, (104.9) | p < 0.001 | 286.9, (321.6) | 143.2, (120.3) | p < 0.001 |
| Na, mEq/L, mean (SD) | 133.7, (6.84) | 136.5, (4.85) | p < 0.001 | 135.2, (7.47) | 136.4, (5.12) | p = 0.002 |
| K, mEq/L, mean (SD) | 4.6, (1.1) | 4.1, (0.8) | p < 0.001 | 4.7, (1.4) | 4.2, (0.8) | p < 0.001 |
| MELD score, median (IQR) | 25 (19–30) | 15 (10–21) | p < 0.001 | 25, (19–31) | 17 (11–22) | p < 0.001 |
ED: emergency department; BT: body temperature; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; RR: respiratory rate; HR: heart rate; bpm: beats per minute; IQR: interquartile range; SD: standard deviation; Hb: hemoglobin; Hct: hematocrit; WBC: white blood cell; PT: prothrombin time; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine transaminase; INR: international normalized ratio; MELD: Model for End-stage Liver Disease.