Figure 2.

ALS pathophysiology and the effect of targeted interventions involving NAD⁺ metabolism. Treating ALS models with therapeutic interventions altering NAD⁺ metabolism ameliorates many disease-related impairments. Mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress response, activation of glial cells, and protein mislocalization, all of which have been hypothesized as being involved in the development of ALS disease, are corrected from these interventions. Additionally, NMJ innervation and function, sites affected early during ALS development, are improved.