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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Sep 13.
Published in final edited form as: Chem Eng J. 2023 Jun 25;471:144400. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2023.144400

Figure 5. Schematic illustration of main mechanisms related to MOF-induced toxicity.

Figure 5.

MOF-related toxicity may occur at the cellular internalization stage (endocytosis, diffusion, adsorption), resulting in membrane damage. Due to potential ROS production, internalized MOFs such as MOF NPs can also be dangerous to other cell structures (e.g., mitochondria, nucleus).