Table 2.

Characteristics of the included studies.

Author	Study Design	Study Material */Tissue	Outcomes
			Physicochemical/Molecular	Clinical
Bianchi, 2021 [20]	In vitro; 4 teeth from 1 donor	Mineralized dentin (human) Deproteinized and demineralized dentin Demineralized dentin Deproteinized bovine bone Tissue: cell lines: human periodontal ligament fibroblasts	-A statistically significant difference in the proliferation of cells exposed to test materials compared to the control material at specific time intervals: moment of seeding, 24 h after seeding, 72 h after seeding, and 7 days after seeding. -After 24 h exposure of hPLFS cells to TT and DDP, larger polygonal-shaped cells were observed. For SG and BIOS, the cells were large and more fusiform. -After 72 h in all cases analyzed, a higher culture density was observed; the cells were large and polygonal with a high presence of cytoplasmic processes within the exposure to the test material. -After 7 days, cells exposed to DDP and TT still showed a large polygonal shape; in addition, cells in the TT group showed small white particles inside the body. -In all samples, cell nuclei were oval or rounded in shape. -Fibroblasts exposed to different materials showed expression of vinculin, integrins, and actin to varying degrees at different times of observation. -Specific morphology of dentin materials—the presence of dentinal tubules. The surface of the DDP appeared smoother compared to the SG; the surface of the TT was irregular and jagged. BIOS showed an irregular surface of mineralized bone.	-None.
Khanijou et al., 2021 [21]	In vitro; 12 teeth	Tooth-derived bone substitute (human) Allografts (OraGRAFT, DO BONE) Xenograft (BioOss) Alloplast (BoneCeramic) Human mandibular ramus bone Tissue: cell lines: human fetal osteoblastic cells	-After chemical treatment, the dental tubules became visible and appeared homogeneous. -The tooth-derived bone substitute (TDBS) contained O (50.59%), C (21.98%), Ca (15.71%), P (9.82%), Na (1.36%), and Mg (0.55%). -The Ca/P ratio for TDBS was 1.60 and was similar to Bio-Oss and the mandibular bone. -TDBS contained hydroxylapatite, octacalcium phosphate similar to Orograft and the mandibular bone, and Bio-Oss® additionally contained tricalcium phosphate, while boneceramic® contained only hydroxylapatite and tricalcium phosphate. -TDBS and the mandibular bone showed a gradual increase in Ca ion dissociation over time; in contrast, oragraft Ca ions showed intense dissociation early on, while Bio-Oss and boneceramic had lower total calcium release. -The hFOB cells migrated significantly more in the presence of TDBS; moreover, on days 5 and 10, TDBS showed higher BMP2 release than allograft. -The absence of bacteria in dentin after treatment with the cleaning agent.	-None.
Sarna-Boś et al., 2022 [22]	In vitro; 50 teeth 50 donors	Four groups (incisors, canines, premolars, molars) crushed without chemical processing	-All tooth types contained similar proportions of amide I, amide II, carbonate, and phosphate ions. Premolar teeth had the highest content of the analyzed functional groups, while incisors and canines had the lowest. The content of aliphatic structures was highest in incisors and lowest in premolars. Hydroxyapatite crystallinity showed the following trend: CI: premolars > molars > canines > incisors. -The highest number of negatively dissociating functional groups was observed in molars and the lowest in incisors and canines. -The mean Ca, P, and Na contents were the highest in molars and Mg in canines. The Ca/P ratio was 1.89 for incisors and molars, while it was 1.86 for canines and 1.85 for premolars. -All the tooth types analyzed had a similar percentage elemental composition (O, C, Ca, N, P, Na, Mg). -The pore area was 1.89 m2/g and did not exceed 29% of the tooth surface.	-None.
Binderman et al., 2014 [15]	2 cases	Autogenous mineralized dentin matrix Tissue: alveolar bone regeneration after extraction	-Integration of the newly formed bone matrix with the transplanted dentin. -No bacterial growth in the dentin after application of the cleaning agent: 0.5 M NaOH and 30% alcohol (v/v).	-Successful and stable anchorage of the implant.
Cervera-Maillo et al., 2021 [23]	10 patients	Autologous dentin with platelet-rich plasma Tissue: alveolar bone after tooth extraction	-As time passed, residual graft and connective tissue decreased and new bone formation increased.	-None.
De Biase et al., 2020 [17]	Split-month case report	Autologous demineralized dentin matrix Tissue: alveolar bone regeneration after extraction	-None.	-3 months after surgery, a reduction in the distal pocket of the second molar at the test site was observed from 4 mm on the day of surgery to 3 mm; no change was observed at the control site (4 mm on the day of surgery and after 3 months).
Del Canto-Díaz et al., 2019 [27]	9 patients; split-mouth study	Autologous dental material Unfilled extraction sockets Tissue: alveolar bone regeneration after extraction	-Significant differences in density between the control group and the ADM group of the coronal alveolar and medial alveolar areas both immediately after surgery, at 8 weeks, and at 16 weeks. -Density between the control group and the ADM group in the apical alveolar area immediately after surgery and after 8 weeks was statistically significantly different. -The Ca/P ratio in dentin is similar to that in bone.	-In the control group, the VL distance decreased by 1.77 mm after 16 weeks, while in the autologous dental material (ADM) group, it decreased by 0.42 mm. -The HL-BCB distance after 16 weeks in the control group decreased by 2.22 mm in the buccal cortical area, and the ADM group had a resorption of 0.16 mm. -Significant differences in loss of VL-BCB distance, especially at 1 and 3 mm.
Dłucik et al., 2023 [24]	21 patients in the SDG group	Autologous demineralized dentin matrix Tissue: alveolar bone regeneration after extraction, Sinus lift procedure	-The main elemental components of dentin are C, O, P, and Ca. -The material obtained with the bonmaker contained mainly C, O, and small amounts of N, Mg, and Si. The material obtained was characterized by homogeneous size, irregular edges, and the presence of dental tubules. -The tooth transformer material was predominantly O, C, P, and Ca, with particles of varying sizes, smooth surfaces, and visible tubules. -The material obtained with the dentin grinder contained the highest concentration of Ca, similar to dentin, and was the most similar to dentin in terms of elemental composition.	-No complications during the convalescence period. -Implantation is possible after approx. 3 months in the mandible and approx. 4 months in the maxilla. -No loss or increase in the vertical and horizontal dimensions of the alveolar ridge 3–4 months after implantation in bone enriched with the demineralized dental matrix (DDM) and dental matrix (DM); dimensions stable for at least 6 months. -Similar results of the bone-strengthening procedure and implantation for each of the devices analyzed (bonmaker, tooth transformer, dentin grinder).
Dłucik et al., 2023 [28]	13 patients in the SDG group	Autologous demineralized dentin matrix Tissue: alveolar bone regeneration after extraction	-None.	-Pooled efficacy and safety for several devices. -Complications.
Matsuzawa et al., 2022 [25]	Case report	Autologous demineralized dentin matrix (primary teeth) Tissue: unilateral alveolar cleft	-Six months after transplantation, the demineralized dentin matrix (DDM) differed from the original bone on radiographs in terms of structure and radioresistance. -No visible DDM 2 years after surgery.	-None.
Pohl et al., 2020 [26]	12 patients; 58 sockets	Autologous mineralized dentin with platelet-rich plasma Tissue: alveolar bone after tooth extraction	-After 4 months, there was a decrease in ridge width and an increase in buccal and lingual bone height. -The formation of a new bone in direct contact with dentin (ankylosis). -The presence of osteoblasts and pre-osteoblasts between the dentin particles and the newly formed bone.	-No post-transplant complications after 4 months. -No inflammation or fibrous encapsulation around dentin.
Santos et al., 2021 [14]	52 patients; 66 implants	Autogenous mineralized dentin matrix Xenograft granules	-Implants placed in sites treated with a mineralized dentin matrix (MDM) had similar stability, bone morphology, and gingival keratinized compared to sites treated with xenograft granules. -MDM-treated sites had a significantly higher percentage of newly formed bone tissue and a lower percentage of residual graft material compared to the xenograft group.	-On the first day after surgery, there was a significantly higher level of pain in the control group, but seven days after surgery, both the MDM and xenograft groups had similar levels of pain and discomfort.
Jun et al., 2014 [29]	38 patients; 19 Bio-Oss; 19 AutoBT	Autogenous tooth bone graft (AutoBT) Xenograft (BioOss)	-Osteoid thickness in the Bio-Oss group is 8.35 µm and 13.12 µm in the AutoBT group. -Trabecular thicknesses in the Bio-Oss group is 0.07 µm and 0.08 µm in the AutoBT group.	-None.

ADM, autologous dental material; BCB, buccal cortical bone; DG, dentin grinder; hFOB; human fetal osteoblastic cell; hPLF, human periodontal ligament fibroblast; MDM, mineralized dentin matrix; TDBS, tooth-derived bone substitute; TT, demineralized dentin. * Tooth-derived material processed with a dentin grinder marked in bold.