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. 2024 Aug 23;25(17):9167. doi: 10.3390/ijms25179167

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© 2024 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The level of oxidative stress of D. communis cells incubated with the addition of (a) CuO-NPs; (b) Cd; (c) CuO-NPs and Cd; (d) Pb; (e) CuO-NPs and Pb. * Significant differences with the control. Lowercase letters indicate statistically significant differences in the group (day 1 and day 14). Capital letters (A, B, C) demonstrate significant differences between two-component mixtures and single-component mixtures with corresponding concentrations of pollutants (CuO, Cd, and Pb, respectively) (p < 0.05). “ROS+” is the proportion of cells with oxidative stress.

The level of oxidative stress of D. communis cells incubated with the addition of (a) CuO-NPs; (b) Cd; (c) CuO-NPs and Cd; (d) Pb; (e) CuO-NPs and Pb. * Significant differences with the control. Lowercase letters indicate statistically significant differences in the group (day 1 and day 14). Capital letters (A, B, C) demonstrate significant differences between two-component mixtures and single-component mixtures with corresponding concentrations of pollutants (CuO, Cd, and Pb, respectively) (p < 0.05). “ROS+” is the proportion of cells with oxidative stress.