Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Sep 13.
Published in final edited form as: Rev Econ Stud. 2023 Jun 8;91(3):1291–1330. doi: 10.1093/restud/rdad063

FIGURE 4.

FIGURE 4

ITT event-study and spline estimates of effects of Food Stamps, by age of cohort when the program launched

Notes: These graphs plot event-study and spline estimates using the specifications in equations (1) and (2), respectively, for each of our six main outcomes. The event-study estimates are shown using square markers, while the spline estimates are shown using solid lines. The sample includes more than 17 million U.S. individuals born in the U.S. between 1950 and 1980 who are observed in the 2000 Census one-in-six sample and 2001–13 ACS merged to the SSA’s NUMIDENT file using PIKs. The regressions are estimated on data collapsed into birth-county × birth-year × survey-year cells, and weighted using the number of observations per cell. Standard errors clustered at the birth-county level. See text for more information on the construction of the sample and the outcomes. Note that the indices are standardized in terms of standard deviations, but “survive to 2012” and “not incarcerated” are not. All models include fixed effects for birth county, birth state × birth year, and survey year, as well as 1960 county characteristics interacted with a linear trend in year of birth.