. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Sep 13.

Published in final edited form as: Rev Econ Stud. 2023 Jun 8;91(3):1291–1330. doi: 10.1093/restud/rdad063

TABLE 8.

Estimated ITT effects of Food Stamps exposure in early (conception to age 5) and later childhood (ages 6–18) on well-being indices, survival, and non-incarceration

	Indices				Survive to 2012	Not incarcerated
	Human capital	Economic self-sufficiency	Neighbourhood quality	Physical disability	Survive to 2012	Not incarcerated
%In utero–age 5	0.0092 (0.0047)	0.0027 (0.0023)	0.0123 (0.0052)	−0.0015 (0.0016)	0.0010 (0.0003)	0.0008 (0.0006)
%Ages 6–18	−0.0033 (0.0112)	−0.0049 (0.0053)	0.0025 (0.0122)	−0.0081 (0.0031)	0.0012 (0.0008)	0.0002 (0.0014)
FE county, survey year	X	X	X	X	X	X
$C t y_{60} \times$ linear cohort	X	X	X	X	X	X
State × birth year FE	X	X	X	X	X	X
Number of observations	17,400,000	17,400,000	17,400,000	16,800,000	114,000,000	7,705,000
Number of cells	4,272,000	4,272,000	4,272,000	2,796,000	943,000	2,591,000
Number of counties	3,000	3,000	3,000	3,100	3,000	3,000
R²	0.127	0.058	0.379	0.053	0.696	0.027

Notes: Each column provides estimates from an augmented version of the exposure model (equation 3) that includes two exposure variables—(i) the share of months of Food Stamps exposure between conception and age 5 and (ii) the share of months of Food Stamps exposure between ages 6 and 18. Otherwise, the outcomes, sample, and models are identical to those shown in Table 3.