Table 2.

Atrial fibrillation ablation in HFpEF.

	CABANA Subanalysis [50]	EAST-AFNET 4 [51]	Xie et al. [52]	Tsuda et al. [53]	Ratkka et al. [54]	Olshausen et al. [55]
Year	2021	2021	2023	2023	2021	2022
Design	RCT post hoc analysis	RCT post hoc analysis	Retrospective, observational	Retrospective, observational	Retrospective, observational	Retrospective, observational
Mean age (years)	68 ± 8	>75	63–76	68.4	61 ± 10	Ablation arm mean age: 67 Non-ablation arm mean age: 77
AF type	Parox: 31.6% Pers: 55.3% LS-pers: 13.1%	Ablation arm: Parox: 33.2% Pers: 32.2% Non-ablation: Parox: - Pers: 40%	Ablation arm: Pers: 63.5% Non-ablation: Pers: 61.8%	Ablation arm: Pers: 77.4% Non-ablation: Pers: 77.4%	Ablation arm: Parox: 60% Pers: 40% Non-ablation: Parox: 51% Pers: 49%	Ablation arm: Parox: 17.1% Pers: 32.7% Non-ablation: Parox: 17.5% Pers: 35.9%
Ablation/no ablation	295/315	224/218	293/293	106/106	43/43	434/868
Control arm therapy	Medical therapy (rate or rhythm control)	Rate control	Medical therapy (rate or rhythm control)	Medical therapy (rate or rhythm control)	Medical therapy (rate or rhythm control)	Medical therapy (rate or rhythm control)
Primary outcome	All-cause mortality, disabling stroke, serious bleeding and cardiac arrest	All-cause mortality and HF events	Death from any cause or HF rehospitalization	Reduction in death or heart failure	Time to death or HF hospitalization	All-cause mortality and first HF hospitalization
Main findings	Reduction in primary composite, all-cause mortality and improvement QoL	Sinus rhythm at 12 months explains 81% of effect of early rhythm control on preventing cardiovascular outcomes	Reduction in primary composite endpoint	Reduction in primary composite endpoint	Reduction in HF hospitalization and HF symptoms and improvement in diastolic function	Reduction in primary composite endpoint
Follow-up (months)	60	37.4	39	24.6	35 ± 22	6.1

RCT: randomized controlled trial; HF: heart failure; QoL: quality of life; Parox: paroxysmal AF; Pers: persistent AF; LS-Pers: long-standing AF.