Table 1.
Data collection.
| First Author, Year, Title [Ref] | Country, Duration of Observation | Type of Study | Aim of the Study | Tubal/ Ovarian/ Peritoneal Cancer Patients |
Primary Tubal Cancer Patients N (%) |
PDS N (%) |
IDS N (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sherman, 2014 [10] Pathologic Findings at Risk-Reducing Salpingo-Oophorectomy: Primary Results From Gynecologic Oncology Group Trial GOG-0199 |
United States and Australia, from June 2003 to November 2006 | Prospective Trial Gynecologic Oncology Group Protocol-0199 (GOG-0199), the National Ovarian Cancer Prevention and Early Detection Study |
This trial looked at detecting tubal/ovarian/peritoneal cancer during risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO). A total of 2605 high-risk women enrolled in the GOG-0199 trial, with 966 women undergoing RRSO to assess cancer prevalence at the baseline surgery. |
25 | 10 (40%) |
25 100%) |
0 |
| Terada, 2016 [11] Differences in risk for type 1 and type 2 ovarian cancer in a large cancer screening trial |
United States, from November 1993 to July 2001 | Prospective trial Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) cancer screening trial |
This study investigated the impact of previous gynecologic surgery, hormone use and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the risk of type 1 and type 2 ovarian cancer (OC). Data from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) cancer screening trial were utilized, dividing OC into three groups. Ibuprofen use was linked to a decreased risk of type 1 OC, while tubal ligation, oral contraceptive use and a history of ectopic pregnancy were associated with decreased risks of type 2 OC. The findings suggested that the fallopian tube plays a significant role in carcinogenesis for both OC types. | 486 | - | - | - |
| Onda, 2016 [12] Comparison of treatment invasiveness between upfront debulking surgery versus interval debulking surgery following neoadjuvant chemotherapy for stage III/IV ovarian, tubal, and peritoneal cancers in a phase III randomised trial: Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study JCOG0602 |
Japan, from November 2006 to October 2011 | Phase III prospective randomised trial Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study JCOG0602 |
This trial compared upfront primary debulking surgery (PDS) and interval debulking surgery (IDS) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) for stage III/IV ovarian/tubal/peritoneal cancers. The findings indicated that NACT treatment is less invasive than standard treatment. | 301 | 5 (1.6%) |
149 (49.5%) |
152 (50.5%) |
| Gentry-Maharaj, 2017 [13] Changing trends in reproductive/lifestyle factors in UK women: descriptive study within the UK Collaborative Trial of Ovarian Cancer Screening (UKCTOCS) |
United Kingdom, from April 2001 to October 2006 | Prospective birth cohort analysis UK Collaborative Trial of Ovarian Cancer Screening (UKCTOCS) |
In this trial, with 202,638 postmenopausal women recruited, differences in reproductive factors were registered across UK birth cohorts. Younger cohorts reported a lower age of menarche, a smaller family size, and increased use of oral contraceptives and infertility treatments, along with a decrease in menopause age post-1945. These shifts in hormone exposure may contribute to trends in breast, endometrial and ovarian cancers, osteoporosis, heart disease and neurodegenerative disorders. Further study could clarify their impact on disease incidence and mortality in detail. | - | - | - | - |
| Rouzier, 2017 [14] Efficacy and safety of bevacizumab-containing neoadjuvant therapy followed by interval debulking surgery in advanced ovarian cancer: Results from the ANTHALYA trial |
France, from January 2013 to June 2014 | Prospective phase II study ANTHALYA trial |
This study compared two neoadjuvant chemotherapeutic regimens, carboplatin-paclitaxel (CP) vs. bevacizumab-carboplatin-paclitaxel (BCP), for patients with initially unresectable stage IIIC/IV ovarian, tubal, or peritoneal cancer. The results showed that the complete response rate (CRR) with BCP was significantly higher than the reference rate. This study suggests that adding bevacizumab to the preoperative program for non-optimally resectable patients may be safe and beneficial, regardless of the final surgical decision. | 205 | - | 71 (34.6%) |
134 (65.4%) |
| Onda, 2020 [15] Comparison of survival between primary debulking surgery and neoadjuvant chemotherapy for stage III/IV ovarian, tubal and peritoneal cancers in phase III randomised trial |
Japan, from November 2006 to October 2011 | Phase III prospective randomised trial Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study JCOG0602 |
This study investigated the comparison between primary debulking surgery (PDS) and neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) for stage III/IV ovarian, tubal, and peritoneal cancers. The EORTC55971, the CHORUS study and the preliminary analysis published by Onda et al. in 2016 showed that NACT was noninferior to PDS. However, a final analysis, including overall survival (OS) as the primary endpoint, did not confirm the noninferiority of NACT. This study suggests that NACT may not always be a substitute for PDS, but due to the smaller sample size, the findings of previous studies supporting NACT’s noninferiority cannot be dismissed. | 301 | 5 (1.6%) |
149 (49.5%) |
152 (50.5%) |
| Onda, 2021 [16] Stage III disease of ovarian, tubal and peritoneal cancers can be accurately diagnosed with pre-operative CT. Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study JCOG0602 |
Japan, from November 2006 to October 2011 | Phase III prospective randomised trial Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study JCOG0602 |
This study compared computed tomography (CT) staging with surgico-pathological staging in advanced ovarian cancer patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT). CT staging showed high accuracy for identifying surgical stage III disease but was less reliable for specific details like small extra-pelvic peritoneal disease. While CT staging can be a reliable surrogate for diagnosing stage III disease without surgical diagnosis, its reliability for diagnosing stage IIIB disease (lesions smaller than 2 cm) is inadequate. | 301 | 5 (1.6%) |
149 (49.5%) |
152 (50.5%) |
| Taylor 2021 [17] Association of hysterectomy and invasive epithelial ovarian and tubal cancer: a cohort study within UKCTOCS |
United Kingdom, from 2001 to 2005, follow-up until December 2014 | Prospective study UK Collaborative Trial of Ovarian Cancer Screening (UKCTOCS) |
This study investigated, through questionnaires, 202,506 postmenopausal women from the UK Collaborative Trial of Ovarian Cancer Screening (UKCTOCS). It explored if hysterectomy with conservation of the adnexa affected ovarian/tubal cancer risk. The results showed that 0.55% of women with hysterectomy and 0.59% with intact uteri were diagnosed with ovarian/tubal cancer, indicating no significant association. This study reinforces that hysterectomy does not alter invasive ovarian and tubal cancer risk. These findings are crucial for clinical counseling and improving risk prediction models. | 1176 (178 type I, 890 type II, 108 type uncertain) |
- | - | - |
| Maurer, 2022 [18] Randomised controlled trial testing the feasibility of an exercise and nutrition intervention for patients with ovarian cancer during and after first-line chemotherapy (BENITA-study) |
Germany, from April 2018 to Sept 2019 | Randomized controlled Trial The BENITA (Bewegungs- und Ernährungsintervention bei Ovarialkrebs) study |
This pilot study evaluated a combined exercise and nutrition intervention’s safety and acceptance during and after first-line chemotherapy for advanced ovarian cancer following primary or interval debulking surgery. This study, conducted as a randomized controlled trial (RCT), demonstrated the intervention’s safety and acceptance. The larger BENITA study aims to investigate the intervention’s impact on quality of life, fatigue and survival, with plans to integrate it into oncology guidelines and clinical practice. | 15 | - | 12 | 3 |
| vanBommel, 2022 [19] Cancer worry among BRCA1/2 pathogenic variant carriers choosing surgery to prevent tubal/ovarian cancer: course over time and associated factors |
Netherlands, from 2015 to present | Prospective study Prospective TUBA-study (NCT02321228): Early Salpingectomy (Tubectomy) With Delayed Oophorectomy in BRCA1/2 Gene Mutation Carriers (TUBA) |
This study evaluated 577 BRCA1/2-PV carriers: 57% had high cancer worry pre-surgery, decreasing to 54% post-surgery. Factors influencing high worry were age, unemployment, prior breast cancer, lower education and recent diagnosis. While most saw decreased worry after surgery, a subset (6%) maintained major concerns even a year later, suggesting the need for extra support for this group. | - | - | - | - |
| Menon, 2023 [20] Mortality impact, risks, and benefits of general population screening for ovarian cancer: the UKCTOCS randomised controlled trial |
United Kingdom: 27 primary care trusts adjacent to 13 trial centers based at NHS Trusts in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, from April 2001 to September 2005, screening until December 2011, follow-up until 2020. | Randomized controlled trial. UK Collaborative Trial of Ovarian Cancer Screening (UKCTOCS) |
This study compared two screening methods, multimodal screening (MMS) and ultrasound screening (USS), with a control group receiving no screening. Postmenopausal women aged 50–74 with intact ovaries and no history of ovarian or non-ovarian cancer were divided into three groups. Over a 16.3-year follow-up, both MMS and USS did not show a significant reduction in deaths due to ovarian or tubal cancer compared to the control group. The MMS group had higher rates of detecting early-stage cancer, while the USS group did not show a difference in cancer stage detection compared to the control group. | 2055 (1% of all enrolled women) 522 of 50,625 in the blood group 517 of 50,623 in the scan group 1016 of 101,314 in the no-screening group |
- | - | - |
PDS: primary debulking surgery; IDS: interval debulking surgery.