Figure 4.

Lactate (a), ammonia (b), the phenylalanine–tyrosine ratio (c), and the glutamine–glutamate ratio (d) in highly trained sprinters at rest, at exhaustion, and during post-exercise recovery in the four main training phases of a 6-month cycle: transition (white circles, dotted line), general preparation (white diamonds, short-dashed line), specific preparation (black triangles, long-dashed line), and competition (black squares, solid line). Significant ANOVA effects of the training phase, exercise/recovery stage, and their interaction are shown in bold.