Table 1.

Schematic representation of main advantages and disadvantages of the described models.

Cell Model	Advantage	Disadvantage
Fibroblasts	Easy to harvest	Lacks dimensional complexity
	Standardized protocols	Lacks neuron tissue specific features key for deep characterization
	Expression profile similar to neurons
	Minimally invasive to collect
	Important for basic characterization
	Useful platform for drug screening
iPSCs	Derived from somatic cells	Lacks dimensional complexity
	Can be source of cell therapy and derived directly from the recipient	Poor standardization of protocols
	Important for deep characterization thanks to tissue-specific features	Lacks epigenetic age and correlation of phenotypes related to it
	Can generate neural cells without invasive surgical approaches	Diseases with complex genetic features are hard to address
	Useful platform for drug screening	Expensive maintenance
	Useful for early phenotype correlation
Organoids	Adds dimensional complexity to disease modeling	Core of necrotic cells
	Can be more reliable than animal models in drug testing and in recapitulating disease features	Poor standardization protocols
	Can recapitulate complex interactions and brain physiology	Lacks epigenetic age and correlation between phenotypes related to it
		Hard and expensive maintenance