Table 1.
Demographic and surgical approaches of the studies included in the systematic review. Abbreviations: EEA—Endoscopic Endonasal Approach; mo—Months; RT—Radiotherapy; UK—United Kingdom; N/R—Not Reported; USA—United States of America; EEEA—Extended Endoscopic Endonasal Approach; ETISA—Endoscopic Transnasal Interseptal Approach; PBT—Proton Beam Therapy; IMRT—Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy.
| Authors, Year | Country | N of Patients | Mean Age (Years) | Approach | Follow Up (mo) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arbolay et al., 2009 [7] | Cuba | 2 | 31 | EEA | 6 |
| Baldassarre et al., 2021 [8] | Italy | 8 | 35,75 (range 14–77) | 5 EEA | 24 |
| 3 EEA + posterior approach | |||||
| Butenschoen et al., 2021 [9] | Germany | 42 | 53 (range 29–69) | EEA | 37 (range 6–60) |
| Ceylan et al., 2021 [10] | Turkey | 72 | 41.67 ± 17.785 | EEA + transmaxillar (3) EEA + transpterygoid (13) EEA + transcavernous (38) EEA + transodontoid (7) |
31 ± 0.7 (range 6–143) |
| Chibbaro et al., 2013 [11] | France | 54 | 49 | EEA | 34 |
| Choi et al., 2010 [12] | UK and Germany | 97 | Range 41–60 | 40 standard TOAs 16 TOAs + soft palate split 44 “open door” maxillotomy 9 transmandibular 4 midface degloving procedures |
50.4 (median 41; range 3–186) |
| Dehdashti et al., 2008 [13] | Canada | 12 | 49.4 | EEA | 16 |
| Fatemi et al., 2008 [14] | USA | 14 | 47 ± 15 | EEEA | 20 (2 multiple operations and 2 tumor recurrences, 9 RT) |
| Frank et al., 2006 [15] | Italy | 11 | 59.3 | EEEA | 27 (range 15–69) |
| Fraser et al., 2010 [16] | USA | 7 | 52 ± 18 | EEA | 18 |
| Garzaro et al., 2015 [17] | Italy | 9 | 57.4 | EEA | 9.27 (range 3–19) |
| Holzmann et al., 2010 [18] | Germany | 13 | 45.5 | EEA | 18 (range 2–48) |
| Kassam et al., 2008 [19] | USA | 4 | 25.75 (range 16–36) | EEEA | N/R |
| Kim et al., 2016 [20] | South Korea | 42 | 48.7 (range 10–72) | 38 EEAs 3 EEAs + transpterygoid 1 transodontoid |
N/R |
| Kong et al., 2021 [21] | South Korea | 50 | N/R | EEA | 34.5 ± 8.2 |
| Koutourousiou et al., 2012 [22] | USA | 60 | 41 (range 4–84) | EEA | 17.8 (29 patients received RT postop, 9 tumor progressions, 21 disease-free) |
| Kutlay et al., 2018 [23] | Turkey | 106 | N/R | EEA | 28 (6–48) |
| Li et al., 2020 [24] | China | 1886 (217) | N/R | EEEA | 42,5 (chordoma recurred in 97 patients) |
| McDowell et al., 2021 [25] | USA | 20 | 12.2 (range 4–18) | 14 EEAs 6 EEAs + open transcervical |
59 (range 1–166) |
| Menezes et al., 2014 [26] | USA | 5 | Range 5–14 | 3 TOA resections + fusions 1 initial C2-4 laminectomy and tumor resection, then vertebral artery embolization and C2-C4 lateral fusion, and extrapharyngeal excision w/corpectomy 1 lateral extrapharyngeal approach + tumor resection |
8 ± 1.8 (range 2–16) |
| Messerer et al., 2016 [27] | Switzerland | 3 | 46.3 | EEEA | N/R (2 free of disease, 1 controlled residue) |
| Metcalfe et al., 2021 [28] | UK | 11 | 53 (23–81) | EEA | 7 years (9 patients PBT, 1 IMRT) |
| Nation et al., 2018 [29] | Malaysia | 5 | 23.2 (range 11–57) | EEA | N/R |
| Passeri et al., 2023 [30] | France | 210 | 47.6 ± 17.0 | 142 EEAs 15 TOAs 15 EEAs + open 7 MTS 31 open |
59.2 ± 51.9 (range 3.0–369.1, median 43.4) postop RT in 163 patients |
| Ramm-Pettersen et al.,2017 [31] | Norway | 6 | 61 (15–65) | EEA | 91 (48–158) |
| Quon et al., 2019 [32] | USA | 42 | 12.5 (range 4–18) | EEA | 46 (range 1–120) |
| Rahme et al., 2018 [33] | USA | 17 | 48.06 | EEA | 63,4 (tumor recurrence after RT in 5 patients) |
| Saito et al., 2012 [34] | Japan | 6 | 59 (range 42–72) | EEA | 15.83 |
| Shin et al., 2015 [35] | Japan | 32 | 55 (range 17–72) | ETISA | Range 3–6 |
| Shkarubo et al., 2018 [36] | Russia | 103 | N/R | EEA | N/R |
| Schur et al., 2022 [37] | USA | 78 | N/R | 38 EEA 40 open |
66,56 |
| Solares et al., 2005 [38] | USA | 3 | N/R | EEA | 13 |
| Soloperto et al., 2019 [39] | Italy | 9 | 61 | EEA | 24.9 (range 7–36) |
| Spiessberger et al., 2022 [40] | USA | 8 | 43,9 | EEA | N/R (4 RT + 3 stereotactic radiosurgery) |
| Stippler et al., 2008 [41] | USA | 20 | 44.35 (range 4–76) | EEA | 13 (range 1–45) postop RT in 8 patients |
| Tan et al., 2012 [42] | Australia | 14 | 48.5 | EEA | 41.5 (range 3–104) |
| Taniguchi et al., 2012 [43] | Japan | 4 | 56,75 | EEA | 21.3 (all patients symptom-free) |
| Vellutini et al., 2014 [44] | Brazil | 38(26) | 46 (range 6–79) | EEA | Range 6 mo–11 years |
| Xin et al., 2022 [45] | China | 3 | N/R | EEA | 7.59 |
| Yano et al., 2014 [46] | Japan | 6 | N/R | EEA | 23.1 |
| Yang et al., 2011 [47] | China | 2 | 49.5 | Anterior retropharyngeal | 32.5 |
| Yoo et al., 2023 [48] | South Korea | 17 | 38.7 (range 8–59) | 11 EEAs 6 EEAs + open |
66.7 (range 9–132) |
| Yousaf et al., 2019 [49] | UK | 10 | 49 | EEA | 39.5 |
| Zacharias et al., 2019 [50] | India | 7 | 51 | 6 EEAs 1 combined EEA + TOA |
24 |
| Zhang et al., 2008 [51] | China | 7 | 39.42 | EEA | 21.4 (range 3–39) |
| Zhong et al., 2021 [52] | China | 102 | 48.75 | Combined anterior retropharyngeal + posterior approach | N/R |
| Zoli et al., 2018 [53] | Italy | 6 | 46,8 | EEA | 18 ± 7.3 |
| Zoli et al., 2018 [54] | Italy | 65 | 48 (9–80) | EEA | 48 |
| Zweckberger et al., 2020 [55] | Germany | 50 | 39 | EEA: 15 primary and 9 recurrences TOA: 3 primary and 2 recurrences |
N/R (20 postop RT + 1 chemotherapy on primary surgery, 15 postop RT + 6 chemotherapy for recurrent surgery) |