Table 2.

Language content (Syntactic–Semantic).

Feature	Description
Syntactic Features
Syntactic Complexity	Degree of complexity in sentence structures, including the use of subordination and coordination.
Sentence Length	Average number of words per sentence.
Clause Density	Number of clauses per sentence.
Use of Grammatical Constructions	Frequency and variety of specific grammatical forms.
Part-of-Speech Distribution	Relative frequency of different parts of speech.
Semantic Features
Semantic Coherence	Logical consistency and relevance of ideas within and across sentences.
Semantic Density	Amount of meaningful content per unit of speech.
Lexical Diversity	Variety of words used, measured by metrics such as type–token ratio.
Use of Abstract vs. Concrete Language	Proportion of abstract terms versus concrete terms.
Referential Clarity	Clarity with which entities are referred to and tracked throughout the discourse.
Thematic Consistency	Maintenance of a central theme or topic throughout a discourse.
Propositional Density	Number of propositions or ideas expressed per clause or sentence.
Use of Figurative Language	Frequency and types of non-literal language used.
Word Concreteness	Degree to which words refer to tangible, perceptible objects or experiences.
Sentiment and Emotion	Emotional tone conveyed through word choice.
Lexical-Semantic Relationships
Synonymy	Use of different words with similar meanings.
Antonymy	Use of opposites to create contrast.
Hyponymy and Hypernymy	Use of specific terms and their general categories.
Collocations	Common pairings or groupings of words.
Semantic Fields	Grouping of related words that belong to the same domain of meaning.
Discourse Features
Narrative Structure	Organization of content into a coherent story with elements such as setting, characters, plot, and resolution.
Argumentation and Reasoning	Use of logical arguments, evidence, and reasoning to support claims and ideas.
Topic Introduction and Maintenance	Ability to introduce new topics and maintain focus on them throughout the discourse.
Conclusion and Summarization	Effective wrapping up of discourse with a summary or conclusion.