Table 1.
Description of the study population, GCAT study, Catalonia, Spain (N = 7,074)
| Overall | Strata: Sex n (%) | Strata: BMI | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women | Men | p | normal | overweight | obese | p | |||
| n | 7074 | 4166 | 2908 | 2632 | 2987 (42.2%) | 1455 (20.5%) | |||
| Age (mean (SD)) | 50.80 (7.01) | 50.25 (6.81) | 51.59 (7.23) | < 0.001 | 49.27 (6.94) | 51.56 (6.96) | 52.02 (6.77) | < 0.001 | |
| Sex (men) | 2908 (41.1) | 738 (28.0) | 1502 (50.3) | 668 (45.9) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Menopause (%) | 2473 (59.3) | 1007 (53.1) | 971 (65.3) | 495 (63.0) | < 0.001 | ||||
| rMEDScore (%) 1 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||||
| Low adherence | 1631 (23.1) | 761 (18.3) | 870 (29.9) | 547 (20.8) | 706 (23.6) | 378 (26.0) | |||
| Medium adherence | 3418 (48.3) | 1952 (46.9) | 1466 (50.4) | 1231 (46.8) | 1469 (49.2) | 718 (49.3) | |||
| High adherence | 2025 (28.6) | 1453 (34.9) | 572 (19.7) | 854 (32.4) | 812 (27.2) | 359 (24.7) | |||
| Energy intake (kcal/day) (mean (SD)) | 1996.46 (586.57) | 1940.46 (563.73) | 2076.68 (609.01) | < 0.001 | 1987.93 (575.13) | 1996.24 (585.00) | 2012.34 (609.90) | 0.444 | |
| High education | 3538 (50.0) | 2095 (50.3) | 1443 (49.6) | 0.598 | 1490 (56.6) | 1416 (47.4) | 632 (43.4) | < 0.001 | |
| Employment status | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||||
| Paid or self-employed | 5508 (78.9) | 3224 (78.3) | 2284 (79.7) | 2162 (83.0) | 2284 (77.7) | 1062 (73.8) | |||
| Retired | 496 (7.1) | 205 (5.0) | 291 (10.2) | 114 (4.4) | 251 (8.5) | 131 (9.1) | |||
| In charge of the house/family | 253 (3.6) | 240 (5.8) | 13 (0.5) | 92 (3.5) | 102 (3.5) | 59 (4.1) | |||
| Unemployment | 724 (10.4) | 446 (10.8) | 278 (9.7) | 236 (9.1) | 301 (10.2) | 187 (13.0) | |||
| Chronotype | < 0.001 | 0.003 | |||||||
| Clearly morning | 1895 (27.4) | 1059 (25.9) | 836 (29.4) | 743 (28.8) | 805 (27.5) | 347 (24.4) | |||
| More morning than evening | 2412 (34.8) | 1378 (33.7) | 1034 (36.4) | 887 (34.4) | 1055 (36.1) | 470 (33.1) | |||
| More evening than morning | 1921 (27.7) | 1175 (28.8) | 746 (26.3) | 691 (26.8) | 787 (26.9) | 443 (31.2) | |||
| Clearly evening | 698 (10.1) | 474 (11.6) | 224 (7.9) | 261 (10.1) | 276 (9.4) | 161 (11.3) | |||
| Mental health score: poor mental health (< 60%) 2 | 1907 (27.0) | 1293 (31.0) | 614 (21.1) | < 0.001 | 696 (26.4) | 764 (25.6) | 447 (30.7) | 0.001 | |
| Alcohol g/d (mean (SD)) | 8.05 (10.87) | 5.38 (7.31) | 11.88 (13.64) | < 0.001 | 6.83 (8.70) | 8.78 (11.04) | 8.77 (13.52) | < 0.001 | |
| Smoking habit (%) | 0.051 | < 0.001 | |||||||
| Current | 1033 (14.6) | 644 (15.5) | 389 (13.4) | 398 (15.1) | 427 (14.3) | 208 (14.3) | |||
| Former-smoker | 3151 (44.5) | 1836 (44.1) | 1315 (45.2) | 1087 (41.3) | 1348 (45.1) | 716 (49.2) | |||
| Never | 2890 (40.9) | 1686 (40.5) | 1204 (41.4) | 1147 (43.6) | 1212 (40.6) | 531 (36.5) | |||
| Physical activity (METS/wk) (median [IQR]) | 61.54 [39.67, 97.05] | 62.12 [40.81, 94.39] | 60.90 [36.89, 99.51] | 0.037 | 65.30 [42.59, 99.94] | 62.67 [40.23, 98.83] | 53.99 [32.15, 86.76] | < 0.001 | |
| Breakfast consumption (%) | 6853 (96.9) | 4082 (98.0) | 2771 (95.3) | < 0.001 | 2559 (97.2) | 2891 (96.8) | 1403 (96.4) | 0.346 | |
| First meal before 8:30 h (%) | 4236 (59.9) | 2526 (60.6) | 1710 (58.8) | 0.128 | 1676 (63.7) | 1765 (59.1) | 795 (54.6) | < 0.001 | |
| Time of first meal (median [IQR]) | 8:00 [7:19, 9:30] | 8:00 [7:15, 9:19] | 8:00 [7:30, 9:30] | 0.115 | 8:00 [7:15, 9:00] | 8:00 [7:30, 9:15] | 8:30 [7:30, 9:30] | < 0.001 | |
| Time of last meal (mean (SD)) | 21:08 (0:45) | 21:07 (0:45) | 21:10 (0:46) | 0.011 | 21:06 (0:43) | 21:14 (0:48) | 21:08 (0:45) | < 0.001 | |
| Fasting hours (median [IQR]) | 11:00 [10:00, 12:00] | 11:00 [10:00, 12:10] | 11:00 [10:00, 12:00] | 0.874 | 11:00 [10:00, 12:00] | 11:00 [10:00, 12:00] | 11:15 [10:00, 12:30] | 0.067 | |
| Hours between wake up and first meal (median [IQR] ) | 1:00 [0:30, 2:30] | 1:00 [0:25, 2:30] | 1:00 [0:30, 2:30] | 0.001 | 0:55 [0:20, 2:30] | 1:00 [0:30, 2:30] | 1:00 [0:30, 2:30] | 0.002 | |
| Hours between last meal and sleep (mean (SD)) | 2:15 (0:53) | 2:14 (0:52) | 2:17 (0:54) | 0.025 | 2:15 (0:48) | 2:16 (1:00) | 2:16 (0:53) | 0.639 | |
| Eating midpoint (mean (SD)) | 14:49 (0:57) | 14:47 (0:55) | 14:52 (0:59) | < 0.001 | 14:44 (0:56) | 14:55 (0:58) | 14:59 (0:56) | < 0.001 | |
| Number of eating occasions (mean (SD)) | 3.42 (0.60) | 3.49 (0.59) | 3.31 (0.59) | < 0.001 | 3.44 (0.59) | 3.43 (0.62) | 3.40 (0.59) | 0.033 | |
| Wake-up time (mean (SD)) | 6:57 (0:55) | 6:58 (0:54) | 6:56 (0:56) | 0.09 | 6:55 (0:52) | 7:00 (1:00) | 6:58 (0:55) | 0.007 | |
| Sleep time (mean (SD)) | 23:30 (0:50) | 23:27 (0:50) | 23:34 (0:50) | < 0.001 | 23:26 (0:46) | 23:35 (0:58) | 23:30 (0:50) | < 0.001 | |
| Sleep dissatisfaction 3 (%) | 964 (13.6) | 626 (15.0) | 338 (11.6) | < 0.001 | 355 (13.5) | 386 (12.9) | 223 (15.3) | 0.087 | |
| Sleep duration in hours (mean (SD)) | 7:27 (0:54) | 7:30 (0:53) | 7:22 (0:55) | < 0.001 | 7:28 (0:51) | 7:26 (0:59) | 7:27 (0:55) | 0.342 | |
| BMI 4 (median [IQR]) | 26.23 [23.78, 29.30] | 25.43 [23.09, 28.80] | 27.06 [24.95, 29.71] | < 0.001 | 23.11 [21.83, 24.09] | 27.08 [26.02, 28.40] | 32.68 [31.09, 35.08] | ||
N, sample size; SD, standard deviation; IQR, interquartile range
1. rMED ranges from 0 to 18. Adherence levels were classified into: low (0–6), medium (7–10), and high (11–18)
2.Poor mental health is defined as a Mental Health Inventory score < 60%
3. Sleep dissatisfaction: frequency of participants that answer “no” to the question “are you satisfied with your sleep?”
4. BMI, body mass index