Table 3.

The list of plants mentioned, Creole vernacular names, families, their RFC value, and their traditional uses. RFC = relative frequency of citation. N/A = not available. Traditional plant for flu, COVID-19, and respiratory disease. The voucher specimens are stored at the COVACHIM laboratory in Guadeloupe and, for some, at the URE laboratory at the Faculty of Sciences (UEH) in Haiti.

Scientific Names	Creole Vernacular Names	English Common Names	Families	Vouchers Specimen Codes	Number of Families Citing It in the Survey	RFC	Parts Used and Mode of Preparation Flu, Cold, Respiratory Diseases and for a Few COVID-19 Symptoms	References
Allium ampeloprasum var. porrum.	Pwawo	Leek	Liliaceae	URE91	2	0.016	Is used in infusions and/or decoction mixtures for COVID-19	N/A
Abrus precatorius L.	Lyann reglis	Rosary pea	Fabaceae	URE73	27	0.225	Decoction of leaves	N/A
Allium cepa L.	Zonyon	Onion	Amaryllidaceae	URE111	61	0.508	Mix the onion and take the juice with honey/or brown sugar for flu, cold	[28]
Allium sativum L.	Lay	Garlic	Amaryllidaceae	URE68	52	0.433	The garlic syrup to use against the or the juice with honey for flu, or bulb in decoction for flu or the stomach pains	[3,28]
Aloe vera L.	Lalwa	Aloe	Aloeaceae	URE63	63	0.525	Swallow a small butcher of aloe gel with water all morning for COVID-19 or gel in decoction for cold	[28,29]
Ananas comosus L.	Anana	Pineapple	Bromeliaceae	URE05	1	0.008	Fruit juice	N/A
Annona muricata L.	Kowosol	Soursop	Annonaceae	URE61	28	0.233	Leaf infusion/fruit juice	N/A
Apium graveolens L.	Seleri	Celery	Apiaceae	URE95	8	0.067	For flu syndrome, used fresh leafy stems in infusions and/or decoction	[28]
Argemone mexicana L.	Chadwon	Prickly Poppy	Papaveraceae	URE24	25	0.208	The root is used for stomach pains and 3 or 4 leaves and put them in a decoction for flu	[28,29]
Artemisia vulgaris L.	Amwaz	Mugwort	Asteraceae	URE04	47	0.392	Leaves infusion for COVID-19	N/A
Bromelia pinguin L.	Grenn pengwen	Pinuela	Bromeliaceae	URE39	1	0.008	Leaf decoction or grilled fruit	N/A
Carnavalia rosea L.	Lyann kayiman	Coastal Jack Bean	Fabaceae	URE71	8	0.067	Leaves and stems infusion/decoction for COVID-19	N/A
Catalpa longissima L.	Bwad chèn	Spanish Oak	Bignoniaceae	URE22	1	0.008	Bark in decoction for stomach pain and fever	[28]
Cinnamomum verum J. S. Presl	Kanèl	Cinnamon	Lauraceae	URE51	49	0.408	Bark decoction for vomiting and diarrhea	[28,30]
Cissus sicyoides L.	Lyann mòl	Princess vine	Vitaceae	URE72	23	0.192	Leaves in decoction	[28]
Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle	Sitwon	Lime	Rutaceae	URE98	59	0.492	Bark or leaf in decoction or infusion for fever. Leaf in decoction for headaches. Juice for flu, cough, and diarrhea	[31]
Citrus aurantium L.	Zoranj si	Bitter Orange	Rutaceae	URE84	47	0.392	Bark or leaf in decoction or infusion for fever. Leaf in decoction for flu. Juice for flu, cough, and diarrhea	[3,28,32]
Citrus maxima Merr.	Chadèk	Pomelo	Rutaceae	URE23	37	0.308	Leaves in decoction for fever	[3,28]
Citrus reticulata Blanco	Mandarin	Mandarin	Rutaceae	URE75	28	0.233	Fruit juice	N/A
Citrus sinensis L.	Zoranj dous	Sweet Orange	Rutaceae	URE112	38	0.317	Fruit juice and/or leaf in decoction for flu or cough. The bark in decoction for fever	[28,29]
Cocos nucifera L.	Kokoye	Coconut	Arecaceae	URE58	2	0.017	For flu, the oil of the fruit is used in friction on the chest. Also used against asthma by mouth	[28]
Corchorus siliquosus L.	Ti lalo	Slippery Dick	Malvaceae	URE102	12	0.1	Leaves and stems infusion/decoction	[29]
Croton flavens L.	Ti bonm	Welensali	Euphorbiaceae	URE101	1	0.008	Leaves in infusion	N/A
Curcuma longa L.	Safran	Turmeric	Zingiberaceae	URE94	8	0.067	Is used in infusions and/or decoction mixtures for COVID-19 and is also used in punch	N/A
Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf	Sitwonèl	Lemongrass	Poaceae	COVA21	38	0.317	Leaves and/or root in decoction for flu, cold, and fever	[28]
Daucus carota subsp. Sativus	Kawót	Carrot	Apioideae	URE54	8	0.067	The juice	N/A
Eucalyptus globulus Labill.	Ekaliptis	Bluegum eucalyptus	Myrtaceae	URE29	39	0.325	Infusion and/or decoction of the leaves for flu, cold/leaves for internal infusion and inhalation	[28]
Eupatorium odoratum L.	Langichat	Siam weed	Asteraceae	URE65	50	0.417	Juice of the leaves to drink in a spoon/infusion of the leaves	[3,29]
Grossypium barbadense L.	Koton	Creole cotton	Malvaceae	URE59	1	0.008	Aerial parts or leaves in decoction for abdominal pains	[28]
Guazuma ulmifolia Lam.	Bwa dòm	Bastard Cedar	Malvaceae	URE20	12	0.1	Leaves in decoction for flu and cold	[28]
Hamelia patens Jacq.	Fèy koray	Scarlet bush	Rubiaceae	URE35	4	0.033	Natural leaf applied on the head or in bath	[28]
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.	Choublak	China-rose	Malvaceae	URE25	33	0.275	For flu and cold: infusion and/or decoction of young leaves/infusion of flowers for children. Crumpled leaf applied locally for headaches	[28,29]
Hyptis suaveolens L. Poit.	Gwo ten	Wild spikenard	Lamiaceae	URE41	32	0.267	Leaves in infusion or decoction	[29]
Jatropha gossypifolia L.	Ti medsiyen	Bellyache bush	Euphorbiaceae	URE103	25	0.208	Leaves in infusion or decoction for diarrhea and pain	[28]
Jatropha curcas L.	Gwo medsiyen	Physic Nut	Euphorbiaceae	URE79	1	0.008	Fresh leaf for bath	[28]
Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam,) Pers.	Fèy chòche	Cathedral bells	Crassulaceae	URE30	2	0.017	Leaves in decoction or juice for flu or cold. For headaches, the leaves are crushed and applied to the forehead	[28]
Lantana camara L.	Bonbonyen	Lantana	Verbenaceae	COVA14	13	0.108	Infusion and/or decoction of the leaves, flowers, or the aerial part for flu and cold	[28]
Lipia alba L.	Melis	Bushy matgrass	Verbenaceae	COVA08	39	0.325	Fresh leaves or aerial parts in decoction for flu, cold, and tiredness	[28]
Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill.	Tomat	Garden tomato	Solanaceae	URE105	24	0.2	Buds in infusion	[29]
Malpighia emarginata DC	Seriz	Acerola cherry	Malpighiaceae	URE96	38	0.317	Leaves in decoction/fruit juice	[29]
Mammea americana L.	Abriko	Mammee apple	Clusiaceae	URE02	18	0.15	Fruit juice	N/A
Melia azedarach L.	Fèy lila	Chinaberry tree	Meliaceae	URE32	8	0.067	Infusion of young leaves	[29]
Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq.	Kenèp	Mamoncillo	Sapindaceae	URE55	16	0.133	Gargle leaf juice/fruit food	[29]
Mentha arvensis L.	Fèy mant	Corn Mint	Lamiaceae	URE33	26	0.217	Infusion and/or decoction of the leaves for flu, cold, and stomach pains	[28]
Mentha nemorosa Wild.	Mant	Mentha nemorosa	Lamiaceae	URE76	38	0.317	Leafy stem in hot infusion	[29]
Moringa oleifera L.	Doliv	Horseradish tree	Moringaceae	URE17	25	0.208	Flower in hot infusion	N/A
Mormordica charantia L.	Asowosi/asosi	Bitter Gourd	Curcubitaceae	COVA12	92	0.767	The aerial parts crushed and/or aqueous maceration, in baths, frictions, and local application. Or the aerial parts are used in decoction for fever and pain	[3,28]
Musa x paradisiaca L.	Bannann	Plantain	Musaceae	URE12	24	0.2	Leaf in decoction/fruit food	[29]
Myristica fragrans L.	Miskad	Nutmeg	Myristicaceae	COVA04	13	0.108	Is used in infusions and/or decoction mixtures for COVID-19 and is also used in punch	N/A
Ocimum basilicum L.	Bazilik	Basil	Lamiaceae	URE15	39	0.325	Leaves in decoction for stomach pains and vomiting	[28]
Ocimum gratissimum L.	Fonbazen	Clove basil	Lamiaceae	URE09	7	0.058	Leaf in decoction for pain	[3,28]
Ocimum micranthum Wild.	Atiyayo	N/A	Lamiaceae	URE110	29	0.242	Leaf juice	N/A
Opuntia antillana Britton & Rose	Rakèt	Prickly pear	Cactaceae	URE93	1	0.008	3 small pieces to put in 1 L of water and drink it all day	N/A
Passiflora edulis Sims	Genadya	Passion fruit	Passiforaceae	URE37	30	0.25	Fruit juice	N/A
Passiflora foetida L.	Marigouya	Wild maracuja	Passiforaceae	URE77	12	0.1	Leaves in decoction	[29]
Petroselinum sativum Hoffm.	Pèsi	Parsley	Apiaceae	URE88	5	0.042	Is used in infusions and/or decoction mixtures for COVID-19	N/A
Phaseolus vulgaris L.	Pwa	French bean	Fabaceae	URE90	34	0.283	Leaves in decoction	[29]
Phyllanthus niruri L.	Dèyèdo	Gale Of Wind	Phyllanthaceae	URE28	40	0.333	Infusions and/or decoction for the fever	[29]
Physalis angulata L.	Kòkmòl	Balloon cherry	Solanaceae	URE57	6	0.05	Infusion of young leaves	[29]
Pinus occidentalis Sw.	Bwa pen/bwa chandèl	N/A	Pinaceae	URE21	12	0.1	Resin in infusion or essence in friction	[29]
Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng.	Gwo ten	Indian borage	Lamiaceae	COVA07	39	0.325	Infused leaves for cold	[28]
Portulaca oleracea L.	Koupye	Purslane	Portulacaceae	URE60	20	0.167	The leaves are edible	N/A
Prosopis juliflora Sw DC	Bayawond	Mesquite	Mimosaceae	URE14	24	0.2	Juice of leaves	[29]
Rhoeo spathacea (Sw.) Stearn.	Boul di mars	Boat lily	Commelinaceae	URE19	24	0.2	Leaves in infusion	[29]
Ricinus communis L.	Fèy maskreti	Castor bean	Euphorbiaceae	COVA18	39	0.325	Oil for fiction	[3,28,29]
Saccharum officinarum L.	Kann	Sugar cane	Poaceae	URE50	12	0.1	Syrup/stem juice	N/A
Samyda rosea Sims	Kasesèk/magrip	Guayabilla	Salicaceae	URE52	61	0.508	Infusion and/or decoction of the leaves	[29]
Senecioides cinerea L. O. Ktze	Tòchon sal	N/A	Asteraceae	URE104	12	0.1	Aerial part in decoction	[29]
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl.	Vèvenn	Blue porter weed	Verbenaceae	URE108	17	0.142	Is used in infusions and/or decoction for headaches	[3]
Stemodia durantifolia L.	Twa zòm fò	Whitewoolly twintip	Plantaginaceae	URE106	7	0.058	Aerial parts in decoction	[29]
Syzygium aromaticum L.	Jiwòf	Clove	Myrtaceae	URE44	61	0.508	Nail decoction for inhalation and/or orally	N/A
Thymus vulgaris L.	Ten	Thyme	Lamiaceae	URE99	25	0.208	Plant in decoction and/or infusion	[29]
Verbascum thapsus L.	Molenn	Big taper	Scrophulariaceae	URE81	12	0.1	Leaves and flowers in infusion	[29]
Waltheria indica L.	Bale blan	Sleepy morning	Malvaceae	URE10	12	0.1	Leaves in infusion or decoction	[29]
Zingiber officinale Roscoe	Jenjanm	Ginger	Zingiberaceae	URE43	95	0.792	Decoction, boil the root of the grated ginger for flu, cold, and fever	[28,29]