Table 2.

Results from the regression analysis of NMR-derived biomarkers with HC-RR-PMS status. All regression analyses were adjusted for age, sex, and BMI. The generalized eta-squared (${\eta }^2$) effect size measure (p-value) is shown; ${\beta }_{RR}$ and ${\beta }_{PMS}$ are regression coefficients for the RR and PMS groups relative to HC.

NMR Biomarker	HC-RR-PMS ${\mathit{\eta }}^2$ (p-Value)	${\mathit{\beta }}_{\mathit{R}\mathit{R}}$	${\mathit{\beta }}_{\mathit{P}\mathit{M}\mathit{S}}$
Valine	0.036 (<0.001)	−18.2	−21.6
Leucine	0.031 (0.002)	−14.5	−19.5
Isoleucine	0.025 (0.007)	−6.92	−8.01
BCAA	0.038 (<0.001)	−39.6	−49.1
Alanine	0.023 (0.009)	−35.9	−44.1
Citrate	<0.001 (0.83)	0.965	2.03
sHDLP	0.002 (0.61)	−0.176	−0.439
GlycA	0.023 (0.01)	16.4	27.5
IVX	0.016 (0.04)	1.85	4.22
MMX	0.023 (0.009)	1.87	3.21
MVX	0.039 (<0.001)	2.42	4.96

Abbreviations: BCAAs: branched-chain amino acids; sHDLP: small high-density lipoprotein particles; GlycA: glycated proteins; IVX: Inflammatory Vulnerability Index; MMX: Metabolic Malnutrition Index; MVX Metabolic Vulnerability Index.