Table 3.
Significant metabolic pathways (hypergeometric test, p < 0.05) involved in dementia, AD, and VaD.
| Metabolic Pathway | Outcome | Database | Metabolites Involved | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis | Dementia | KEGG | Isoleucine, tyrosine | 8.85 × 10−3 |
| Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis | AD | KEGG | Glutamine, lysine | 2.33 × 10−2 |
| Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis | VaD | KEGG | Glycine, isoleucine, leucine | 1.09 × 10−4 |
| Valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis | Dementia | KEGG, SMPDB | Isoleucine | 2.56 × 10−2 |
| Valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis | AD | KEGG, SMPDB | 3-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid | 4.06 × 10−2 |
| Valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis | VaD | KEGG, SMPDB | Leucine, isoleucine | 1.39 × 10−4 |
| Oxidation of branched chain fatty acids | Dementia | SMPDB | Carnitine, propionylcarnitine | 6.46 × 10−3 |
| Oxidation of branched chain fatty acids | VaD | SMPDB | Carnitine, acetylcarnitine | 4.36 × 10−3 |
| Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis | Dementia | KEGG, SMPDB | Tyrosine | 1.29 × 10−2 |
| Ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis | Dementia | KEGG, SMPDB | Tyrosine | 2.87 × 10−2 |
| Phenylalanine metabolism | Dementia | KEGG, SMPDB | Tyrosine | 3.19 × 10−2 |
| Arginine biosynthesis | Dementia | KEGG | Tyrosine | 4.44 × 10−2 |
| Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism | AD | KEGG | Citrate, pyruvate, glutamine | 4.00 × 10−4 |
| Citrate cycle (TCA cycle) | AD | KEGG, SMPDB | Pyruvate, citrate | 4.20 × 10−3 |
| Transfer of acetyl groups into mitochondria | AD | SMPDB | Pyruvate, citrate | 1.01 × 10−2 |
| Purine metabolism | AD | KEGG, SMPDB | Glutamine, urate | 4.12 × 10−2 |
| D-Glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism | AD | KEGG, SMPDB | Glutamine | 3.06 × 10−2 |
| Nitrogen metabolism | AD | KEGG, SMPDB | Glutamine | 3.06 × 10−2 |
| Valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation | VaD | KEGG, SMPDB | Leucine, isoleucine | 3.77 × 10−3 |
| Beta oxidation of very-long-chain fatty acids | VaD | SMPDB | Carnitine, acetylcarnitine | 1.50 × 10−3 |
| Carnitine synthesis | VaD | SMPDB | Carnitine, glycine | 2.29 × 10−3 |
| Arginine biosynthesis | VaD | KEGG | N-acetylornithine | 3.57 × 10−2 |
AD: Alzheimer’s disease; VaD: vascular dementia; KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; SMPDB: Small Molecule Pathway Database.