Table 1.
BPs with therapeutic potential against obesity.
| Bioactive Polysaccharides | Monosaccharide Composition and Molecular Weight (Mw) | Dosage | Study Approaches | Major Findings | Mode of Action–Gut Microbiota | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Auricularia auricula polysaccharides | Composed of mannose (50.84%), glucose (21.61%), xylose (9.24%), galactose (8.58%), glucuronic acid (5.78%) and fucose (3.96%); Mw: 1065.2 kDa | 200 mg/kg | High-fat diet-induced obese mice model | Reduced body weight gain; Attenuated high-fat diet-induced metabolic disorders | Decreased Mucispirillum and increased Peptococcus, Muribaculum, Anaerovorax, and Papillibacter | [207] |
| Auricularia auricula polysaccharides | Composed of mannose (77.0%), galacturonic acid (12.8%), fucose (5.2%), xylose (3.2%), galactose (1.4%), and rhamnose (0.3%); Mw: 1210 kDa | 50 and 100 mg/kg | High-fat diet-induced obese mice model | Ameliorated high-fat diet-induced IR, glucose, and lipid metabolism disorders; Protected intestinal barrier function | Reduced F/B ratio; Promoted Roseburia, Bacteroides, and Allobaculum; Increased levels of SCFAs, folate, and cobalamin | [197] |
| Astragalus polysaccharides | - | 1000 mg/kg | High-fat diet-induced obese mice | Reduced body weight, fat accumulation; Enhanced insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis | Enriched Bacteroides | [209] |
| Sargassum fusiforme fucoidan | Composed of carbohydrate (81.33%), uronic acid (12.53%), and sulfate (17.36%) | 200 mg/kg | High-fat diet-induced obese mice | Reduced fasting blood glucose and IR index along with improved glucose tolerance; Elevated hepatic antioxidant enzymes | Increased the abundance and diversity of gut microbiota | [210] |
| Ganoderma lucidum mycelium polysaccharides | Mw: >300 kDa | 4% and 8% | High-fat diet-induced obese mice | Reduced body weight, inflammation, and IR; Improve intestinal barrier integrity | Decreased F/B ratio; Enhanced Parabacteroides goldsteinii, Bacteroides spp., Anaerotruncus colihominis, Roseburia hominis, Clostridium methylpentosum; Reduces metabolic endotoxemia | [211] |
| Hirsutella sinensis polysaccharides | Mw: >300 kDa | 20 mg/kg | High-fat diet-induced obese mice | Enhanced gut integrity, reduced intestinal and systemic inflammation, and improved insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism | Selectively promoted the growth of Parabacteroides goldsteinii | [212] |
| Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides | - | 150 mg/kg | High-fat diet-induced obese mouse model | Inhibited serum and hepatic lipid metabolic disorders; Alleviated hepatic steatosis and gut microbiota dysbiosis | Increased Alloprevotella, Parabacteroides, Parasutterella, Bacteroides, decreasing Blautia, Enterorhabdus, and Roseburia; Increased fecal butyric acid and BAs levels | [213] |
| Ganoderma amboinense polysaccharides | Composed of glucose (52.54%), mannose (15.78%), galactose (27.16%) and fucose (4.21%) | 100 and 200 mg/kg | High-fat diet-induced obese mice model | Prevented weight gain and fat accumulation; Improved glucose tolerance; Reduced serum and liver lipid concentrations and inflammation | Prevented obesity by regulating the abundance of Parabacteroides, Bacteroides, and Lachnospiracea_incertae_sedis; Altered microbial lipid metabolism, glycan biosynthesis | [175] |
| Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides | - | 150 mg/kg | High-fat diet-induced obese golden hamster model | Improved blood lipid profiles; Elevated the relative abundances of beneficial bacteria | Enhanced Prevotella, Oscillibacter, and SCFA-producers | [195] |
| Edible brown seaweed Undaria pinnatifida | Composed of mannuronic acid and guluronic acid at a ratio of 0.7; Mw: 800 kDa | 300 mg/kg | High-fat diet-induced obese mice model | Improved body composition, fat deposition in body tissues and organs, lipid abnormality, and inflammatory response | Increase in Bacteroidales and reduction in both Clostridiales and Lactobacillales | [214] |
| Lycium barbarum polysaccharides | Composed of D-mannose, L-rhamnose, D-glucose, D-galactosamine and D-xylose | 0.2% in drank water | High-fat diet-induced obese mice model | Decreased serum total triglycerides and total cholesterol levels; Elevated serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol | Reduced F/B ratio; Increased SCFA-producing bacteria Lacticigenium, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, and Butyricicoccus; Increased fecal SCFAs level | [174] |
| Lycium barbarum polysaccharides | Composed of fucose, rhamnose, amino-galactose, galactose, glucose, mannose, and fructose with the molar ratio of 0.02:0.08:0.03:0.11:46.67:0.37:4.72; Mw: 3.74 kDa | 150 mg/kg | High-fat diet-induced obese mice model | Increased weight loss, lowering FFA levels in serum and liver; Increased adiponectin and decreased fatty acid synthase gene expression in liver | Increased gut microbial β-diversity; Reduced F/B ratio; Enhanced Faecalibaculum, Pantoea, and uncultured_bacterium_f_Muribaculaceae | [202] |
| Saccharina japonica fucan | Composed of Fuc (5.2%), 1,3-linked Fuc (63.6%), 1,4-linked Fuc (3.2%), 1,2-linked Fuc (0.9%), 1,3,4-linked Fuc (5.9%) and 1,2,3-linked Fuc (21.2%); Mw: 5.1 kDa | 0.6 mg/mL solution in drinking water | High-fat diet-induced obese mice model | Suppressed high-fat diet-induced obesity, blood glucose metabolic dysfunction, dyslipidemia, and gut microbiota dysbiosis | Enhanced Bacteroides sartorii and Bacteroides acidifaciens; Increased fucoidan-degrading bacteria | [215] |
| Laminaria japonica fucoidan | Composed of fucose, galactose, mannose, xylose, glucose, and galacturonic acid in a molar ratio of 7.5:1.0:0.6:0.2:0.3:0.3; Mw: 627.5 kDa | 300 mg/kg | High-fat diet-induced obese mice model | Ameliorated body weight gain, fat accumulation, IR, and adipocyte hypertrophy | Reduced F/B ratio; Greater relative abundance of the phylum Bacteroidetes and the families Muribaculaceae and Bacteroidaceae; Enhanced SCFAs production | [216] |
| Laminaria japonica polysaccharides | Composed of rhamnose, galacturonic acid, and glucose in a respective mass ratio of 11.6:10.1:78.2; Mw: 31.7–1700 kDa | 75 mg/kg | High-fat diet-induced obese mice model | Induced weight loss, reduced liver fat accumulation, reduced TC and LDL-C levels, reduced intestinal tissue inflammation | Reduced F/B ratio; Increased Bacteroides acidifaciens, Lactobacillus intestinalis, and Lactobacillus murinus | [203] |
| Laminaria japonica polysaccharides | Composed of high content of uronic acid and fucose; Mw: 600 kDa | 0.25% in diet | High-fat diet-induced obese mice model | Reduced body weight gain; Reduced fat accumulation in the liver and adipose tissues | Increased gut microbial diversity and the abundance of Rikenellaceae and Bacteroidales S24_7 group; Increased gut microbial SCFAs production | [217] |
| Microalgae polysaccharides | Composed of rhamnose (38.6%), glucosamine (21.23%) and glucuronic acid (10.56%); Mw: 660 or 3640 kDa | 400 mg/kg | High-fat diet-induced obese mice model | Protection against overweight, glucose tolerance impairment, dyslipidemia, and fat deposition in the liver | Increased Clostridia, Bacterioidia, and Mollicutes and decreased Actinobacteria and Verrucomicrobia; Altered metabolism of SCFAs, secondary BAs, and trimethylamine | [218] |
| Seabuckthorn polysaccharides | Composed of rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, and galacturonic acid, the molar ratios of which were 2.1:44.6:19.7:28.2:5.3; Mw: 9940 Da | 0.1% in diet | High-fat diet-induced obese mice model | Reduced body weight gain, serum lipid level, and liver triglycerides level; Elevated p-AMPKα and PPARα proteins expression in liver | Increased Muribaculaceae_unclassified, Bifidobacterium, Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, Alistipes, and Bacteroides, and decreased Lactobacillus, Dubosiella Bilophila, and Streptococcus; Increased fecal SCFAs level | [173] |
| Bletilla striata polysaccharides | Composed by mannose and glucose in a molar ratio of 2.946:1; Mw: 373 kDa | 300 mg/kg/d | High-fat diet-induced obese mice model | Reduced the abnormal weight gain; Altered amino acid, purine, pyrimidine, ascorbate, and aldarate metabolisms in feces, urine, and liver | Reduced F/B ratio; Increased Turicibacter, Romboutsia, and Anaerostipes, and decreased Bacillus, Helicobacter, and Colidextribacter | [219] |
| Aspergillus cristatus polysaccharide | Composed of ribose, glucose, galactose, and mannose in a molar ratio of 1:1.7:4.4:5.2; Mw: 21.16 kDa | 400 mg/kg/d | High-fat diet-induced obese rats model | Decreased body weight gain, adipose tissue weight, and the liver/body weight ratio; Improved IR | Increased Akkermansia, Akkermansia muciniphila, Bacteroides, Romboutsia, Blautia, and Desulfovibrio; Increased fecal SCFAs level; Elevated the content of unconjugated and conjugated BAs in the serum and liver | [220] |
| Raspberry polysaccharides | Composed of mannose, rhamnose, glucose, galactose, arabinose, and fucose in a molar ratio of 0.06:0.33:1.00:0.08:0.31:0.15; Mw: 18 kDa | 400 mg/kg | High-fat diet-induced obese mice model | Decreased body weight gain, hyperlipidemia, inflammation, and fat accumulation; Enhanced intestinal barrier integrity | Reduced F/B ratio; Increased Ruminococcaceae_UCG − 014, Lactobacillus taiwanensis, Bifidobacterium pseudolongum, and Turicibacter; Increased fecal SCFAs level and decreased LPS level | [221] |
| Raspberry polysaccharides | Composed of arabinose (39.76 %) and galactose (39.43 %); Mw: 74.86 kDa | 100 mg/kg | High-fat diet-induced obese mice model | Decreased body weight gain, hyperglycemia, hyperlipemia, endotoxemia, hepatic inflammation, and oxidant stress; Enhanced intestinal barrier integrity | Increased Dubosiella, Blautia, and Acetatifactor; Increased fecal butyrate production | [222] |
Notes: IR, insulin resistance; FFA, free fatty acid; TC, total cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; BAs, bile acids; SCFAs, short-chain fatty acids; p-AMPKα, phosphorylated adenylate activated protein kinase α; PPARα, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α; F/B ratio, the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes.