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Analysis of the gut microbiota. Data are presented as the mean ± SD. (A,B) Comparing the observed Chao1 and Shannon indices as measures of the alpha diversity in the healthy and PDAC groups. The Wilcoxon test was utilized to calculate statistical significance. (C) The differential beta diversity of the gut microbiota was examined in Generalized UniFrac. Multivariate analysis of variance with permutational multivariate analysis of variance, p = 0.001.
