Table 1.
Characteristics of the participants according to the ratio of dietary calcium intake in CHNS (1997-2006)
| Variable | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| < 0.96 | 0.96-1.44 | 1.45-2.53 | 2.54-5.78 | ≥ 5.79 | ||
| Case/N | 129/420 | 131/419 | 112/421 | 130/419 | 166/420 | |
| Age (years) | 61.9 (6.7) | 60.8 (6.4) | 61.2 (7.0) | 61.0 (6.3) | 61.1 (6.4) | 0.199 |
| Gender (Women) | 204 (48.6) | 197 (47.0) | 212 (50.4) | 212 (50.6) | 216 (51.4) | 0.714 |
| Current smoking [n, (%)] | 122 (29.0) | 138 (32.9) | 131 (31.1) | 122 (29.1) | 128 (30.5) | 0.744 |
| Drinking (drinks/week) | 4.3 (13.9) | 5.3 (15.1) | 4.9 (14.5) | 5.6 (14.6) | 5.7 (15.3) | 0.166 |
| Physical activity (MET-h/week) | 47.9 (84.5) | 40.5 (75.3) | 46.7 (78.7) | 51.5 (84.1) | 51.0 (85.3) | <0.001 |
| Urban index | 59.0 (21.6) | 52.8 (20.4) | 61.1 (19.8) | 64.3 (17.4) | 68.0 (14.4) | <0.001 |
| Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 2167 (599) | 2217 (642) | 2126 (638) | 2212 (615) | 2198 (625) | 0.553 |
| Total protein intake (g/day) | 66.4 (23.3) | 64.7 (23.8) | 63.6 (21.0) | 66.8 (23.6) | 69.7 (22.9) | 0.012 |
| Total fat intake (g/day) | 69.2 (37.2) | 65.7 (35.8) | 71.9 (39.3) | 77.0 (36.4) | 79.5 (41.5) | <0.001 |
| Total carbohydrate intake (g/day) | 325 (114) | 347 (119) | 311 (109) | 317 (108) | 304 (101) | <0.001 |
| Total dietary fiber intake (g/day) | 11.7 (6.5) | 12.8 (9.9) | 10.6 (6.1) | 10.1 (8.0) | 10.3 (8.3) | <0.001 |
| Calcium intake at breakfast (mg/day) | 172 (131) | 110 (72.7) | 77.9 (50.9) | 44.2 (27.3) | 21.0 (14.7) | <0.001 |
| Calcium intake at dinner (mg/day) | 98.6 (56.8) | 128 (81.4) | 147 (94.7) | 165 (103) | 247 (229) | <0.001 |
| Energy at breakfast (kcal/day) | 667 (247) | 653 (254) | 559 (224) | 510 (220) | 447 (168) | <0.001 |
| Energy at dinner (kcal/day) | 722 (240) | 785 (270) | 780 (263) | 852 (278) | 887 (297) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension [(n, (%)] | 192 (45.7) | 161 (38.4) | 168 (39.9) | 144 (34.3) | 172 (41.0) | 0.018 |
| T2DM [(n, (%)] | 79 (18.8) | 71 (16.9) | 71 (16.9) | 71 (16.9) | 81 (19.3) | 0.048 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.2 (3.8) | 23.0 (3.5) | 23.5 (3.5) | 22.8 (3.3) | 23.4 (3.6) | 0.821 |
Q, quintile. T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus. BMI, body mass index
Continuous variables were described as mean (SD) whereas categorical variables were described as n (%)
The significant difference were checked by Generalized linear models and χ2 test