Table 1.

Convergence rate in the optimization process for the hyperparameters K and PF of VMD using the GWO algorithm.

		K				PF				Fitness
		Patient				Patient				Patient
		#1	#2	#3	Mean ± SD	#1	#2	#3	Mean ± SD	#1	#2	#3	Mean ± SD
Converge value		2.35	2.7	2.8	2.6 ± 0.2	3178	2918	2315	2804 ± 443	−9.8769	−9.8156	−9.7289	−9.8071 ± 0.07
Iteration		%				%				%
	1	143	117	133	131 ± 13	78	73	108	86 ± 19	99.9248	99.9940	99.7606	99.8361 ± 0.0829
	2	149	113	120	127 ± 19	82	80	120	94 ± 23	99.8326	99.8327	99.7607	99.8562 ± 0.0662
	3	143	111	104	119 ± 21	96	82	145	108 ± 33	99.8325	99.8346	99.8927	99.8946 ± 0.0610
	4	149	111	100	120 ± 26	96	82	138	106 ± 29	99.8346	99.8346	99.9371	99.9141 ± 0.0610
	5	143	111	96	117 ± 24	100	90	144	111 ± 29	99.9729	99.8346	99.9370	99.9200 ± 0.0708
	6	121	100	96	106 ± 14	91	89	133	104 ± 24	99.9902	99.9881	99.9370	99.9802 ± 0.0678
	7	121	100	93	105 ± 15	91	89	130	104 ± 23	99.9902	99.9881	99.9677	99.9820 ± 0.0155
	8	106	100	95	100 ± 6	97	95	125	106 ± 17	99.9939	99.9909	99.9733	99.9860 ± 0.0125
	9	100	100	93	98 ± 4	100	100	118	106 ± 10	100.000	100.000	99.9733	99.9945 ± 0.0111
	10	100	100	93	98 ± 4	100	100	112	104 ± 7	100.000	100.000	99.9910	99.9970 ± 0.0096
	11	100	100	98	99 ± 1	100	100	103	101 ± 2	100.000	100.000	99.9970	99.9990 ± 0.0052
	12	100	100	98	99 ± 1	100	100	103	101 ± 2	100.000	100.000	99.9976	99.9992 ± 0.0017
	13	100	100	100	100 ± 0	100	100	101	100 ± 1	100.000	100.000	99.9986	99.9995 ± 0.0014
	14	100	100	100	100 ± 0	100	100	101	100 ± 1	100.000	100.000	99.9988	99.9996 ± 0.0008
	15	100	100	100	100 ± 0	100	100	101	100 ± 1	100.000	100.000	99.9988	99.9996 ± 0.0007
	16	100	100	100	100 ± 0	100	100	101	100 ± 0	100.000	100.000	99.9989	99.9996 ± 0.0007
	17	100	100	100	100 ± 0	100	100	101	100 ± 0	100.000	100.000	99.9990	99.9997 ± 0.0006
	18	100	100	100	100 ± 0	100	100	100	100 ± 0	100.000	100.000	100.000	100.0000 ± 0.000
	19	100	100	100	100 ± 0	100	100	100	100 ± 0	100.000	100.000	100.000	100.0000 ± 0.000
	20	100	100	100	100 ± 0	100	100	100	100 ± 0	100.000	100.000	100.000	100.0000 ± 0.000

Bold numbers indicate reaching the convergence value (=100%). K: decomposition number; PF: penalty factor; fitness: fitness value of VMD = the maximum envelope entropy of the IMF; SD: standard deviation.