Figure 4. DCE-to-PK cGAN deciphered intra-patient heterogeneous tumor response.

In a representative patient, two highly enhanced tumor lesions, lesion 1 (green arrow) and lesion 2 (red arrow), were identified on DCE images (a). Notably, ETM and cGAN K_trans maps showed elevated vascular permeability at V1 for both lesions. Interestingly, both ETM and cGAN V2 K_trans maps revealed markedly decreased vascular permeability for lesion 1 (b) and retained vascular permeability for lesion 2 (c). Slice-based mean K_trans (d) and pixel-by-pixel K_trans (e) analysis showed strong correlations (R² = 0.98) between the cGAN and ETM (p < 0.0001). Mean ± SD, ****p < 0.0001.