Table 4. Results of subgroup analysis of the influence of physical exercise on outcome indicators.

Outcome index	Research characteristics	Group	SMD	95% CI	P	I2 (%)	Heterogeneity
Shoulder flexion	Intervention form	Resistance exercise	0.54	0.07, 1.02	0.02	81	<0.001
		Aerobic + resistance exercise	0.49	0.11, 0.87	0.01	0	0.91
		Comprehensive exercise	0.88	0.24, 1.52	0.007	66	0.05
	Intervention frequency	≤3 times/week	0.68	0.33, 1.03	<0.001	60	0.06
		>3 times/week	0.49	0.11, 0.87	0.01	0	0.91
	Exercise cycle	<8 weeks	0.66	0.24, 1.09	0.002	0	0.33
		8–12 weeks	0.83	0.45, 1.22	<0.001	61	0.04
		>12 weeks	0.4	−0.21, 1.01	0.20	0	0.81
Shoulder joint abduction	Intervention form	Resistance exercise	0.93	0.08, 1.77	0.03	93	<0.001
		Aerobic + resistance exercise	0.73	−0.39, 1.85	0.20	85	0.001
		Comprehensive exercise	1.74	1.10, 2.38	<0.001	0	0.52
	Intervention frequency	≤3 times/week	0.87	0.18, 1.57	0.01	80	0.006
		>3 times/week	0.73	−0.39, 1.85	0.20	85	0.001
	Exercise cycle	<8 weeks	1.78	1.30, 2.25	<0.001	0	0.67
		8–12 weeks	1.3	0.50, 2.09	0.001	89	<0.001
		>12 weeks	0.18	−0.43, 0.79	0.56	0	0.73
Upper limb motor function	Intervention form	Chinese traditional sports	0.68	0.52, 0.85	<0.001	14	0.32
		Resistance exercise	1.43	0.88, 1.98	<0.001	69	0.02
		Aerobic + resistance exercise	1.68	−0.81, 4.17	0.19	96	<0.001
		Ball game	−0.05	−0.51, 0.42	0.85	0	0.58
		Comprehensive exercise	0.52	−0, 38, 1.42	0.26	96	<0.001
	Intervention frequency	≤3 times/week	1.21	0.20, 2.21	0.02	96	<0.001
		>3 times/week	0.58	0.22, 0.95	0.002	88	<0.001
	Exercise cycle	8–12 weeks	0.98	0.43, 1.54	<0.001	87	<0.001
		>12 weeks	0.75	0.14, 1.35	0.02	95	<0.001
	Initiation of postoperative intervention	<2 weeks	0.42	0.01, 0.83	0.04	90	<0.001
		≥2 weeks	0.86	−0.37, 2.08	0.17	97	<0.001

SMD, standardized mean difference; CI, confidence interval.