Table 5. Combined effect sizes of shoulder abduction and CMS were excluded from a single study.

Outcome index	Study	SMD	95% CI	P (combined effect size)	I2 (%)
Shoulder abduction	Naczk A, 2022	0.92	0.31, 1.53	0.003	90
	Beurskens CH, 2007	0.97	0.34, 1.59	0.002	91
	Huo M, 2024	1.18	0.62, 1.74	<0.001	86
	Kilbreath SL, 2012	1.20	0.41, 1.80	0.002	90
	Park JH, 2017	0.93	0.32, 1.55	0.003	89
	Portela AL, 2008①	1.11	0.48, 1.74	<0.001	91
	Portela AL, 2008②	1.09	0.46.1, 72	<0.001	91
	Guloglu S, 2023①	0.99	0.35, 1.63	0.003	91
	Guloglu S, 2023②	1.00	0.35, 1.64	0.002	91
	Li YP, 2017	0.86	0.31, 1.40	0.002	87
Upper limb motor function	Esteban-Simón A, 2024	0.87	0.46, 1.28	<0.001	94
	Beurskens CH, 2007	0.87	0.46, 1.27	<0.001	94
	Bloomquist K, 2021	0.92	0.52, 1.33	<0.001	94
	Bruce J, 2021	0.94	0.57, 1.30	<0.001	90
	Lv F, 2015②	0.89	0.47, 1.30	<0.001	94
	Lv F, 2015①	0.86	0.45, 1.27	<0.001	94
	Klein I, 2021	0.90	0.48, 1.33	<0.001	94
	Ibrahim M, 2017	0.94	0.54, 1.34	<0.001	93
	Mariano KOP, 2015	0.90	0.49, 1.30	<0.001	94
	Portela AL, 2008②	0.89	0.49, 1.30	<0.001	94
	Portela AL, 2008①	0.88	0.48, 1.29	<0.001	94
	Guloglu S, 2023②	0.81	0.42, 1.20	<0.001	93
	Guloglu S, 2023①	0.83	0.43, 1.23	<0.001	93
	Sweeney FC, 2019	0.71	0.38, 1.05	<0.001	90
	Sun XY, 2012②	0.90	0.48, 1.31	<0.001	94
	Sun XY, 2012①	0.87	0.46, 1.29	<0.001	94
	Sun XY, 2020	0.88	0.47, 1.29	<0.001	94
	Li YP, 2017	0.86	0.45, 1.27	<0.001	94
	Wang YL, 2012②	0.88	0.46, 1.30	<0.001	94
	Wang YL, 2012①	0.90	0.48, 1.31	<0.001	94
	Zhou K, 2019	0.80	0.42, 1.17	<0.001	91

CMS, Constant and Murley score; SMD, standardized mean difference; CI, confidence interval.