Table 2. Comparative functional characteristics of vasectomy simulators.

Simulators	Characteristics
	External structures			Internal structures		Stability	Reusability	Cost ($ US)
	Visual realism	Haptic realism		Anatomical realism	Haptic realism
Gaumard® S518 model (18)	±	−		±	±	+	±	$295/$50/$58*
Gauze and Tubing (19)	−	−		−	±	−	±	~$1
Coe and Curington (20)/University of Wisconsin (21)	−	−		±	±	+	+	~$5
Wilson	−	−		−	±	+	+	~$12
Weissman (22)	−	−		±	±	+	+	~$10
Kaza	−	−		−	±	±	±	~$1
Ballon	−	−		−	±	−	±	~$1

Visual realism of external structure: external structure looks like human anatomy: +; external structure partially looks like human anatomy: ±; external structure does not look like human anatomy: −. Haptic realism of external structure: simulated scrotum feels like human skin: +; simulated scrotum partially feels like human skin: ±; simulated scrotum does not feel like human skin: −. Anatomical realism of internal structure: all internal scrotal structures (testicle, cord, vas, and fascia) are present: +; apart from the vas, one of the internal scrotal structures (testicle, cord, or fascia) is missing: ±; apart from the vas, all other internal scrotal structures (testicle, cord, and fascia) are missing: −. Haptic realism of internal structure: all internal scrotal structures feel like human anatomy: +; some internal structures (including the vas) feel like human anatomy: ±; none of the internal scrotal feels like human anatomy: −. Stability on work surface: stable: +; limited: ±; none: −. Reusability: the simulator can be used more than 10 times: +; the simulator can be used between 2 and 10 times: ±; the simulator can be used only once and need to be changed/rebuilt: −. *, price for complete Gaumard® S518 simulator, and replacement parts (scrotal skin and vas assembly), respectively. Available online: https://www.vasectomystore.com/no-scalpel-vasectomy-training-simulator.html/.