Extended Data Fig. 1. Schematics of lift-out geometries.

Geometries of the extracted volume for different lift-out approaches are illustrated. Extraction volumes are depicted in dark grey, with the empty volume around them indicating trenches milled prior to the lift-out procedure. a, Lamella lift-out prepares a thin section with a small amount of excess material around the final lamella volume, dispatched from the bulk by a J-cut. b, Lift-out of larger volumes from thick HPF samples requires detachment of the material from the bulk by an undercut. This lift-out geometry for thick HPF preparations generally limits the extraction volume to approximately 20–30 µm in height, dependent on the angle of the undercut. c, Lift-out from ‘waffle’-type samples allows the creation of large extraction volumes. As no undercut is required, the entire thickness of the sample can be extracted.