Table 5.
Comparisons of lesion conspicuity and detection rate among standard, DL, and HR-DL CAIPIRINHA-VIBE on precontrast and HBP images
| Parameter and group | No | Precontrast image | HBP image | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lesion conspicuity | Patient | Lesion | Standard CAIPIRINHA-VIBE§ | DL CAIPIRINHA-VIBE§ | Difference (DL vs standard)† | p value# | Standard CAIPIRINHA-VIBE§ | DL CAIPIRINHA-VIBE§ | HR-DL CAIPIRINHA-VIBE§ | Difference (DL vs standard)† | p value# | Difference (HR-DL vs standard)†† | p value## | Difference (HR-DL vs DL)††† | p value### |
| All solid FLLs | 53 | 87 | 1.96 ± 1.09 (1–4) | 1.92 ± 1.00 (1–4) | − 0.03 (− 0.14, 0.07) | 0.515 | 2.88 ± 0.89 (1–4) | 2.92 ± 0.94 (1–4) | 3.20 ± 0.86 (1–4) | 0.05 (− 0.04, 0.13) | 0.271 | 0.33 (0.25, 0.40) | < 0.001 | 0.28 (0.17, 0.39) | < 0.001 |
| FLLs with size < 2 cm | 38 | 58 | 1.66 ± 0.98 (1–4) | 1.67 ± 0.89 (1–4) | 0.01 (− 0.12, 0.14) | 0.862 | 2.63 ± 0.89 (1–4) | 2.68 ± 0.96 (1–4) | 3.04 ± 0.90 (1–4) | 0.05 (− 0.05, 0.15) | 0.299 | 0.41 (0.32, 0.51) | < 0.001 | 0.36 (0.25, 0.48) | < 0.001 |
| FLLs with size ≥ 2 cm | 26 | 29 | 2.55 ± 1.06 (1–4) | 2.43 ± 1.03 (1–4) | − 0.13 (− 0.24, − 0.01) | 0.032 | 3.38 ± 0.67 (1–4) | 3.41 ± 0.66 (1–4) | 3.53 ± 0.68 (1–4) | 0.03 (− 0.08, 0.15) | 0.563 | 0.15 (0.04, 0.26) | 0.006 | 0.11 (− 0.04, 0.27) | 0.154 |
| Lesion detection rate | Patient | Lesion | Standard CAIPIRINHA-VIBE‡ | DL CAIPIRINHA-VIBE‡ | Odds ratio (DL vs standard)¶ | p value* | Standard CAIPIRINHA-VIBE‡ | DL CAIPIRINHA-VIBE‡ | HR-DL CAIPIRINHA-VIBE‡ | Odds ratio (DL vs standard)¶ | p value* | Odds ratio (HR-DL vs standard)¶¶ | p value** | Odds ratio (HR-DL vs DL)¶¶¶ | p value*** |
| All solid FLLs | 53 | 87 | 53.6 (140/261) | 55.2 (144/261) | 1.07 (0.81, 1.41) | 0.656 | 91.2 (238/261) | 93.1 (243/261) | 94.6 (247/261) | 1.34 (0.62, 2.89) | 0.454 | 1.75 (1.03, 2.97) | 0.040 | 1.32 (0.64, 2.72) | 0.448 |
| FLLs with size < 2 cm | 38 | 58 | 39.7 (69/174) | 44.8 (78/174) | 1.22 (0.88, 1.71) | 0.238 | 87.4 (152/174) | 89.7 (156/174) | 92.5 (161/174) | 1.28 (0.60, 2.70) | 0.525 | 1.83 (1.04, 3.23) | 0.036 | 1.46 (0.66, 3.21) | 0.347 |
| FLLs with size ≥ 2 cm | 26 | 29 | 81.6 (71/87) | 75.9 (66/87) | 0.75 (0.59, 0.95) | 0.020 | 98.9 (86/87) | 100.0 (87/87) | 98.9 (86/87) | NA | NA | 1.00 (0.08, 12.68) | > 0.99 | NA | NA |
Using the pooled data of three readers, lesion conspicuity and detection rate were assessed by the generalized estimation equation
CAIPIRINHA controlled aliasing in parallel imaging results in higher acceleration, DL deep learning, FLLs focal liver lesions, HBP hepatobiliary phase, HR high resolution, VIBE volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination
§Data are means ± standard deviations (ranges)
†Data are differences in mean lesion conspicuity scores between DL CAIPIRINHA-VIBE and standard CAIPIRINHA-VIBE, with 95% confidence intervals in parentheses
††Data are differences in mean lesion conspicuity scores between HR-DL CAIPIRINHA-VIBE and standard CAIPIRINHA-VIBE, with 95% confidence intervals in parentheses
†††Data are differences in mean lesion conspicuity scores between HR-DL CAIPIRINHA-VIBE and DL CAIPIRINHA-VIBE, with 95% confidence intervals in parentheses
‡Data are percentages, with the pooled number of detected lesions divided by the pooled number of total lesions in parentheses
¶Data are odds ratios between standard CAIPIRINHA-VIBE (reference) and DL CAIPIRINHA-VIBE, with 95% confidence intervals in parentheses
¶¶Data are odds ratios between standard CAIPIRINHA-VIBE (reference) and HR-DL CAIPIRINHA-VIBE, with 95% confidence intervals in parentheses
¶¶¶Data are odds ratios between DL CAIPIRINHA-VIBE (reference) and HR-DL CAIPIRINHA-VIBE, with 95% confidence intervals in parentheses
#Lesion size adjusted p values for the differences in mean scores between standard CAIPIRINHA-VIBE and DL CAIPIRINHA-VIBE
##Lesion size adjusted p values for the differences in mean scores between standard CAIPIRINHA-VIBE and HR-DL CAIPIRINHA-VIBE
###Lesion size adjusted p values for the differences in mean scores between DL CAIPIRINHA-VIBE and HR-DL CAIPIRINHA-VIBE
*Lesion size adjusted p values for the odds ratios between standard CAIPIRINHA-VIBE (reference) and DL CAIPIRINHA-VIBE
**Lesion size adjusted p values for the odds ratios between standard CAIPIRINHA-VIBE (reference) and HR-DL CAIPIRINHA-VIBE
***Lesion size adjusted p values for the odds ratios between DL CAIPIRINHA-VIBE (reference) and HR-DL CAIPIRINHA-VIBE