Table 3.
Characteristics of Patients Receiving Lipid Screening, ApoB, Lp(a), or both ApoB and Lp(a) Testing in the USA from 2019 to 2021.
| Lipid panel (n = 9010,914) | ApoB (n = 43,173) | Lp(a) (n = 38,938) | ApoB and Lp(a) (n = 22,321) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 59.21 (16.97) | 68.56 (11.37) | 69.94 (10.35) | 70.14 (9.98) |
| Median (Q1–Q3) | 62 (47–72) | 70 (65–75) | 71 (66–76) | 71 (66–76) |
| Min:max | 18:90 | 18:90 | 18:90 | 18:90 |
| Age group, years, No. (%) | ||||
| 18–24 | 269,912 (3.00) | 178 (0.41) | 130 (0.33) | 69 (0.31) |
| 25–34 | 678,030 (7.52) | 529 (1.23) | 339 (0.87) | 155 (0.69) |
| 35–44 | 1011,418 (11.22) | 1286 (2.98) | 794 (2.04) | 379 (1.70) |
| 45–54 | 1301,209 (14.44) | 2659 (6.16) | 1666 (4.28) | 903 (4.05) |
| 55–64 | 1542,351 (17.12) | 5255 (12.17) | 3870 (9.94) | 2212 (9.91) |
| 65–74 | 2485,215 (27.58) | 20,952 (48.53) | 19,928 (51.18) | 11,639 (52.14) |
| ≥75 | 1722,779 (19.12) | 12,314 (28.52) | 12,211 (31.36) | 6964 (31.20) |
| Sex, No. (%) | ||||
| Male | 4085,953 (45.34) | 19,495 (45.16) | 17,340 (44.53) | 9900 (44.35) |
| Race/ethnicity, No. (%) | ||||
| White | 6045,623 (67.09) | 27,778 (64.34) | 25,781 (66.21) | 14,676 (65.75) |
| Black | 955,633 (10.61) | 5930 (13.74) | 5162 (13.26) | 3258 (14.60) |
| Hispanic | 1042,054 (11.56) | 5549 (12.85) | 4590 (11.79) | 2509 (11.24) |
| Asian | 420,329 (4.66) | 1343 (3.11) | 1248 (3.21) | 649 (2.91) |
| Missing | 547,275 (6.07) | 2573 (5.96) | 2157 (5.54) | 1229 (5.51) |
| Region, No. (%) | ||||
| Midwest | 1987,100 (22.05) | 4168 (9.65) | 4337 (11.14) | 1794 (8.04) |
| Northeast | 1122,770 (12.46) | 4835 (11.20) | 5575 (14.32) | 2002 (8.97) |
| South | 4031,528 (44.74) | 23,895 (55.35) | 18,915 (48.58) | 12,389 (55.50) |
| West | 1859,514 (20.64) | 10,215 (23.66) | 10,007 (25.70) | 6096 (27.31) |
| Missing | 10,002 (0.11) | 60 (0.14) | 104 (0.27) | 40 (0.18) |
| Comorbidities during the baseline period including the index date | ||||
| Charlson comorbidity index | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 0.67 (1.30) | 1.35 (1.72) | 1.16 (1.61) | 1.14 (1.57) |
| Median (IQR) | 0 (0–1) | 1 (0–2) | 0 (0–2) | 0 (0–2) |
| Comorbidities of interest, No. (%) | ||||
| Aortic stenosis | 124,486 (1.38) | 1191 (2.76) | 1352 (3.47) | 648 (2.90) |
| ASCVD | 1451,241 (16.11) | 16,138 (37.38) | 16,847 (43.27) | 8998 (40.31) |
| ASCVD subtype | ||||
| CeVD | 330,597 (3.67) | 3924 (9.09) | 4483 (11.51) | 2347 (10.51) |
| Other CHD | 921,105 (10.22) | 11,572 (26.80) | 12,278 (31.53) | 6524 (29.23) |
| PAD | 561,589 (6.23) | 5728 (13.27) | 5653 (14.52) | 3122 (13.99) |
| ACS | 77,433 (0.86) | 869 (2.01) | 1113 (2.86) | 505 (2.26) |
| Hypertension | 4527,479 (50.24) | 30,339 (70.27) | 27,513 (70.66) | 15,919 (71.32) |
| Hyperlipidemia | 4715,674 (52.33) | 35,595 (82.45) | 33,383 (85.73) | 19,457 (87.17) |
| Pure hypercholesterolemia, unspecified | 1022,523 (11.35) | 8655 (20.05) | 8558 (21.98) | 5079 (22.75) |
| Familial hypercholesterolemia | 35,544 (0.39) | 606 (1.40) | 728 (1.87) | 368 (1.65) |
| Pure hyperglyceridemia | 119,077 (1.32) | 1332 (3.09) | 1099 (2.82) | 612 (2.74) |
| Mixed hyperglyceridemia | 1524,944 (16.92) | 14,900 (34.51) | 14,147 (36.33) | 8559 (38.35) |
| Hyperchylomicronemia | 3954 (0.04) | 87 (0.20) | 73 (0.19) | 46 (0.21) |
| Other hyperlipidemia | 206,244 (2.29) | 2340 (5.42) | 2241 (5.76) | 1236 (5.54) |
| Elevated lipoprotein(a) | 10,666 (0.12) | 546 (1.26) | 865 (2.22) | 294 (1.32) |
| Hyperlipidemia, unspecified | 2710,809 (30.08) | 21,844 (50.60) | 20,768 (53.34) | 11,867 (53.17) |
| Kidney disease | 493,696 (5.48) | 3748 (8.68) | 3305 (8.49) | 2074 (9.29) |
| Diabetes | 1962,205 (21.78) | 15,789 (36.57) | 13,540 (34.77) | 8095 (36.27) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 505,078 (5.61) | 4275 (9.90) | 4269 (10.96) | 2343 (10.50) |
| Heart failure | 392,451 (4.36) | 4065 (9.42) | 4023 (10.33) | 2184 (9.78) |
| Dementia | 237,551 (2.64) | 1663 (3.85) | 1474 (3.79) | 806 (3.61) |
| Healthcare resource utilization during the baseline period, including the index date | ||||
| Outpatient visits (excluding ED visits) | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 7.08 (8.28) | 11.15 (10.10) | 11.32 (10.44) | 11.10 (10.23) |
| Median (Q1–Q3) | 4 (2–9) | 8 (5–14) | 9 (5–15) | 8 (5–14) |
| Any inpatient visit | 370,478 (4.11) | 2791 (6.46) | 2641 (6.78) | 1321 (5.92) |
| Any ED visit | 1065,334 (11.82) | 6979 (16.17) | 6073 (15.60) | 3327 (14.91) |
| Visits for preventative screening | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 1.15 (1.37) | 1.05 (1.67) | 1.01 (1.62) | 0.99 (1.48) |
| Median (IQR) | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–1) | 1 (0–1) |
| Completed a chest CT gated for CAC | 133,515 (1.48) | 1421 (3.29) | 1422 (3.65) | 728 (3.26) |
| Payer | ||||
| Commercial | 4543,464 (50.42) | 5656 (13.10) | 3479 (8.93) | 1638 (7.34) |
| Medicare | 4467,450 (49.58) | 37,517 (86.90) | 35,459 (91.07) | 20,683 (92.66) |
Abbreviations: ACS, acute coronary syndrome; ApoB, apolipoprotein B; ASCVD, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; CAC, coronary calcium scan; CeVD, cerebrovascular disease; CHD, coronary heart disease; CT, computed tomography; ED, emergency department; IQR, inter-quartile range; Lp(a), lipoprotein (a); PAD, peripheral arterial disease; SD, standard deviation.