Table 1.
Main characteristics of the study population
| Overall | HFpEF | HFrEF | |
|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 662) | (n = 281) | (n = 381) | |
| Demographic | |||
| Age, years | 63 (54, 72) | 71 (63, 77) | 58 (50, 64) |
| Male gender | 394 (60) | 97 (35) | 297 (78) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 28 (24, 33) | 30 (25, 35) | 27 (24, 32) |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Hypertension | 336 (52) | 191 (70) | 145 (39) |
| Smoking habits | 351 (54) | 108 (40) | 243 (65) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 229 (36) | 105 (39) | 124 (34) |
| Dyslipidaemia | 275 (44) | 100 (38) | 175 (48) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 195 (30) | 111 (40) | 84 (23) |
| Previous PCI or CABG | 188 (29) | 44 (16) | 144 (39) |
| Previous corrected VHD | 68 (10) | 35 (12) | 33 (9) |
| CKD | 137 (21) | 48 (18) | 89 (24) |
| Cancer | 51 (8) | 35 (13) | 16 (4) |
| Heart failure aetiology, n (%) | |||
| Ischaemic | 221 (34) | 50 (19) | 171 (46) |
| Dilated | 149 (23) | 8 (3) | 141 (38) |
| Hypertensive | 97 (15) | 83 (31) | 14 (4) |
| Hypertrophic | 60 (9) | 38 (14) | 22 (6) |
| Restrictive | 38 (6) | 22 (8) | 16 (4) |
| Others | 108 (13) | 50 (25) | 58 (2) |
| Clinical presentation | |||
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 117 (101, 136) | 131 (119, 150) | 107 (95, 120) |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 70 (60, 78) | 70 (62, 80) | 67 (60, 75) |
| NYHA FC | |||
| I or II | 320 (50) | 128 (46) | 192 (52) |
| III or IV | 330 (50) | 151 (54) | 179 (48) |
| LV failure signs | 85 (14) | 32 (12) | 53 (15) |
| RV failure signs | 293 (44) | 135 (48) | 158 (41) |
| 6-min walk distance, m | 338 (259, 418) | 332 (256, 404) | 350 (266, 445) |
| NT-proBNP, ng/mL (n = 351) | 2073 (1,007, 4244) | 1586 (685, 2970) | 2528 (1,248, 4974) |
| BNP, ng/mL (n = 239) | 389 (190, 878) | 215 (127, 399) | 641 (250, 1126) |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 56 (42, 76) | 59 (42, 75) | 54 (42, 79) |
| Echocardiography | |||
| Left chamber | |||
| LVEF, % (n = 662) | 40 (25, 60) | 62 (58, 68) | 28 (20, 35) |
| LV mass index, g/m2 (n = 621) | 115 (90, 145) | 98 (80, 124) | 130 (102, 158) |
| LV end-diastolic diameter, mm (n = 654) | 57 (48, 68) | 48 (44, 53) | 66 (59, 72) |
| LA dilatation, n (%) (n = 635) | 599 (94) | 242 (89) | 357 (98) |
| Cardiac index, mL/min/m2 (n = 589) | 2.0 (1.6, 2.6) | 2.5 (2.1, 3.0) | 1.8 (1.5, 2.2) |
| MR grade ≤ 2, n (%) (n = 614) | 584 (95) | 249 (89) | 335 (88) |
| E/e’ (n = 632) | 14 (10, 19) | 14 (11, 19) | 14 (10, 18) |
| Right chamber | |||
| RVEDA, cm2 (n = 475) | 21 (17, 27) | 19 (16, 25) | 22 (18, 28) |
| RV FAC, % (n = 463) | 34 (25, 43) | 39 (29, 47) | 32 (23, 39) |
| TAPSE, mm (n = 634) | 17 (14, 21) | 19 (15, 22) | 16 (13, 20) |
| TAPSE/sPAP, mm/mmHg (n = 516) | 0.33 (0.24, 0.47) | 0.34 (0.25, 0.49) | 0.32 (0.23, 0.46) |
| Tricuspid S wave, cm/s (n = 607) | 9.9 (8.0, 12) | 11.0 (9.0, 13.0) | 9.0 (7.0, 10.8) |
| TR peak velocity, m/s (n = 565) | 3.26 (2.73, 3.71) | 3.37 (2.89, 3.86) | 3.19 (2.65, 3.60) |
| Estimated sPAP, mmHg (n = 539) | 52 (40, 65) | 55 (41, 67) | 50 (38, 63) |
| Invasive haemodynamic measurements | |||
| Heart rate, bpm | 70 (60, 81) | 70 (60, 83) | 70 (60, 79) |
| Mean arterial pressure, mmHg | 92 (82, 103) | 100 (89, 109) | 87 (79, 96) |
| Right atrial pressure, mmHg | 11 (7, 15) | 12 (8, 16) | 9 (6, 14) |
| Systolic PAP, mmHg | 53 (42, 67) | 56 (46, 68) | 51 (39, 65) |
| Diastolic PAP, mmHg | 22 (17, 27) | 22 (18, 26) | 22 (16, 28) |
| Mean PAP, mmHg | 34 (28, 43) | 36 (30, 43) | 34 (26, 43) |
| PAWP, mmHg | 21 (17, 26) | 20 (17, 24) | 23 (16, 28) |
| Cardiac index, L/min/m2 | 2.36 (2.00, 2.80) | 2.67 (2.24, 3.12) | 2.20 (1.90, 2.56) |
| Stroke volume indexed, mL/m2 | 33 (27, 43) | 39 (29, 46) | 31 (25, 37) |
| PVR, WU | 2.7 (1.8, 3.9) | 3.0 (2.0, 4.3) | 2.5 (1.7, 3.8) |
| DPG, mmHg | 1.0 (−2.0, 4.0) | 1.0 (−2.0, 4.0) | 0.0 (−3, 3) |
| TPG, mmHg | 12.0 (9.0, 18.0) | 15.0 (10.0, 20.0) | 11.0 (8.0, 15.0) |
| PA compliance, mL/mmHg | 2.11 (1.43, 2.97) | 2.06 (1.44, 2.80) | 2.16 (1.43, 3.01) |
Results are n (%) or median (Q1, Q3).
BMI, body mass index; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; BP, blood pressure; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; CKD, chronic kidney disease; DPG, diastolic pressure gradient; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; LA, left atrial; LV, left ventricular; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MR, mitral regurgitation; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; NYHA FC, New York Heart Association functional class; PA, pulmonary artery; PAP, pulmonary artery pressure; PAWP, pulmonary arterial wedge pressure; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; pcPH, post-capillary pulmonary hypertension; PVR, pulmonary vascular resistance; RV, right ventricular; RVEDA, right ventricular end-diastolic area; RVFAC, right ventricular fractional area change; sPAP, systolic pulmonary artery pressure; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; TPG, transpulmonary pressure gradient; TR, tricuspid regurgitation; VHD, valvular heart disease.