Table 2.
Main characteristics of the study population according to the 2022 ESC/ERS definition of pcPH
| HF without pcPH | pcPH | CpcPH | IpcpH | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 56) | (n = 606) | (n = 445) | (n = 161) | |
| Demographic | ||||
| Age, years | 57 (48, 62) | 63 (55, 73) | 64 (56, 74) | 60 (50, 68) |
| Male gender | 40 (71) | 354 (58) | 250 (56) | 104 (65) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27 (23, 31) | 28 (24, 33) | 28 (24, 33) | 29 (24, 32) |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension | 16 (30) | 320 (54) | 251 (58) | 69 (44) |
| Smoking habits | 39 (69) | 312 (51) | 223 (50) | 89 (55) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 7 (13) | 222 (38) | 173 (41) | 49 (31) |
| Dyslipidaemia | 18 (34) | 275 (45) | 194 (46) | 63 (40) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 12 (21) | 196 (32) | 145 (33) | 51 (32) |
| Previous PCI or CABG | 16 (29) | 172 (29) | 131 (31) | 41 (25) |
| Previous corrected VHD | 1 (2) | 67 (11) | 55 (12) | 12 (7) |
| CKD | 6 (11) | 131 (22) | 109 (26) | 22 (14) |
| Cancer | 3 (5.4) | 48 (8) | 38 (9) | 10 (6) |
| Heart failure classification | ||||
| HFpEF | 13 (23) | 268 (44) | 203 (46) | 65 (40) |
| HFmrEF | 3 (6) | 47 (8) | 36 (8) | 11 (7) |
| HFrEF | 40 (71) | 291 (48) | 206 (46) | 85 (53) |
| Heart failure aetiology | ||||
| Ischaemic | 18 (33) | 203 (34) | 155 (36) | 48 (30) |
| Dilated | 17 (31) | 132 (22) | 86 (20) | 46 (29) |
| Hypertensive | 1 (1.8) | 96 (16) | 78 (18) | 18 (11) |
| Hypertrophic, n (%) | 9 (16) | 51 (9) | 32 (8) | 19 (12) |
| Restrictive | 4 (7.3) | 34 (6) | 24 (6) | 10 (6) |
| Other | 7 (13) | 90 (15) | 70 (16) | 20 (12) |
| Clinical presentation | ||||
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 110 (100, 122) | 128 (108, 149) | 131 (110, 153) | 120 (105, 141) |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 66 (60, 74) | 75 (66, 83) | 76 (67, 84) | 72 (65, 78) |
| NYHA FC | ||||
| I or II | 33 (59) | 287 (47) | 204 (46) | 83 (52) |
| III or IV | 23 (41) | 307 (53) | 241 (54) | 78 (48) |
| LV failure signs | 4 (7.7) | 81 (14) | 62 (15) | 19 (13) |
| RV failure signs | 20 (36) | 273 (45) | 205 (46) | 68 (42) |
| 6-min walking distance, m | 390 (344, 496) | 333 (249, 417) | 330 (243, 405) | 352 (264, 429) |
| NT-proBNP, ng/mL (n = 351) | 1224 (494, 2179) | 2161 (1,053, 4447) | 2402 (1,218, 4770) | 1482 (552, 2893) |
| BNP, ng/mL (n = 239) | 189 (90, 438) | 400 (198, 932) | 411 (196, 939) | 373 (200, 861) |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 35 (27, 42) | 58 (41, 76) | 54 (41, 76) | 61 (55, 84) |
| Echocardiography | ||||
| Left chamber | ||||
| LVEF, % (n = 662) | 32 (25, 48) | 43 (25, 60) | 45 (25, 61) | 38 (25, 60) |
| LV mass index, g/m2 (n = 621) | 119 (98, 144) | 114 (90, 146) | 113 (88, 146) | 121 (95, 145) |
| LV EDD, mm (n = 654) | 61 (50, 72) | 56 (48, 67) | 55 (47, 66) | 60 (50, 68) |
| LA dilatation, n(%) (n = 635) | 47 (84) | 552 (95) | 404 (95) | 148 (96) |
| Cardiac index, mL/min/m2 | 2.0 (1.6, 2.6) | 2.0 (1.6, 2.6) | 2.1 (1.6, 2.6) | 1.9 (1.6, 2.6) |
| MR grade ≤ 2, n(%) (n = 614) | 54 (96) | 530 (88) | 395 (89) | 135 (84) |
| E/e’ (n = 632) | 14 (11, 20) | 14 (10, 19) | 13 (10, 18) | 14 (11, 20) |
| Right chamber | ||||
| RVEDA, cm2 (n = 475) | 18 (15, 21) | 22 (17, 27) | 22 (17, 27) | 21 (17, 27) |
| RV FAC, % (n = 463) | 40 (31, 50) | 33 (25, 42) | 33 (24, 42) | 36 (28, 43) |
| TAPSE, mm (n = 634) | 18 (15, 22) | 17 (14, 21) | 17 (14, 20) | 18 (14, 23) |
| Tricuspid S wave, cm/s (n = 607) | 10.0 (7.8, 12.9) | 9.8 (8.0, 12) | 9.6 (8.0, 11.8) | 10.0 (8.0, 12.5) |
| TAPSE/sPAP, mm/mmHg (n = 516) | 0.53 (0.38, 0.66) | 0.32 (0.23, 0.45) | 0.30 (0.21, 0.40) | 0.42 (0.30, 0.53) |
| TR peak velocity, m/s (n = 565) | 2.60 (2.41, 2.82) | 3.33 (2.90, 3.76) | 3.47 (3.00, 3.92) | 3.00 (2.53, 3.36) |
| Estimated sPAP, mmHg (n = 539) | 32 (29, 40) | 54 (41, 66) | 56 (45, 70) | 44 (36, 53) |
| Invasive haemodynamic measurements | ||||
| Heart rate, bpm | 68 (60, 76) | 70 (60, 81) | 70 (60, 83) | 70 (61, 78) |
| Mean arterial pressure, mmHg | 87 (78, 92) | 93 (82, 104) | 95 (83, 106) | 91 (79, 101) |
| Right atrial pressure, mmHg | 5 (2, 8) | 11 (8, 15) | 11 (7, 16) | 11 (8, 14) |
| Systolic PAP, mmHg | 27 (24, 30) | 55 (45, 69) | 60 (50, 73) | 46 (39, 51) |
| Diastolic PAP, mmHg | 10 (7, 12) | 23 (19, 28) | 24 (20, 29) | 19 (16, 22) |
| Mean PAP, mmHg | 17 (14, 19) | 36 (30, 43) | 39 (33, 46) | 30 (25, 34) |
| PAWP, mmHg | 10 (7, 12) | 22 (18, 27) | 22 (18, 27) | 22 (19, 26) |
| Cardiac index, L/min/m2 | 2.2 (2.0, 2.7) | 2.37 (2.00, 2.80) | 2.30 (1.96, 2.70) | 2.60 (2.29, 3.12) |
| Stroke volume indexed, mL/m2 | 30 (26, 44) | 33 (27, 42) | 32 (26, 39) | 38 (31, 46) |
| PVR, woods unit | 1.6 (1.3, 2.0) | 2.9 (2.0, 4.2) | 3.5 (2.7, 4.7) | 1.5 (1.2, 1.8) |
| DPG, mmHg | 0 (−2, 2) | 0 (−2, 4) | 2 (−1, 5) | −2 (−5, 0) |
| TPG, mmHg | 7 (6, 8) | 13 (9, 19) | 15 (12, 20) | 8 (6, 10) |
| PA compliance, mL/mmHg | 3.8 (2.7, 5.1) | 1.99 (1.37, 2.68) | 1.70 (1.23, 2.26) | 2.97 (2.22, 3.76) |
Results are n (%) or median (Q1, Q3).
BMI, body mass index; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; BP, blood pressure; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; CKD, chronic kidney disease; DPG, diastolic pressure gradient; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HFmrEF, heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; LA, left atrial; LV, left ventricular; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MR, mitral regurgitation; NTproBNP, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; NYHA FC, New York Heart Association functional class; PA, pulmonary artery; PAP, pulmonary artery pressure; PAWP, pulmonary arterial wedge pressure; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; pcpH, post-capillary pulmonary hypertension; PVR, pulmonary vascular resistance; RV, right ventricular; RVEDA, right ventricular end-diastolic area; RVFAC, right ventricular fractional area change; sPAP, systolic pulmonary arterial pressure; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; TPG, transpulmonary pressure gradient; TR, tricuspid regurgitation; VHD, valvular heart disease.