Table 5. Factors associated with mortality among COVID-positive patients presenting with GI conditions.
CRF, chronic renal failure; GI, gastrointestinal.
| Variables | OR (95% CI) | p-Value |
| Age group | ||
| 18-39 | Reference | |
| 40-64 | 2.05 (1.02-3.12) | 0.059 |
| 65-74 | 3.56 (1.35-9.40) | 0.009 |
| ≥75 | 4.69 (2.68-6.38) | <0.001 |
| Sex | ||
| Male | Reference | |
| Female | 0.63 (0.45-0.90) | 0.011 |
| Race | ||
| White | Reference | |
| African American | 0.78 (0.46-1.32) | 0.756 |
| Hispanic | 1.02 (0.60-1.73) | 0.517 |
| Asian Pacific Islander | 0.58 (0.13-2.58) | 0.557 |
| Native American | 1.34 (0.26-6.86) | 0.516 |
| Other/missing | 0.62 (0.21-1.80) | 0.507 |
| Primary payer | ||
| Medicare | Reference | |
| Medicaid | 0.72 (0.29-1.79) | 0.423 |
| Private | 1.10 (0.61-1.99) | 0.323 |
| Self-pay | 2.07 (0.71-4.02) | 0.431 |
| No charge | 0.84 (0.56-1.63) | 0.253 |
| Other | 1.15 (0.43-3.08) | 0.533 |
| Income | ||
| Q1 | Reference | |
| Q2 | 0.60 (0.38-1.93) | 0.300 |
| Q3 | 0.65 (0.40-1.05) | 0.650 |
| Q4 | 0.61 (0.37-1.02) | 0.442 |
| Hospital size | ||
| Small | Reference | |
| Medium | 1.41 (0.82-2.42) | 0.815 |
| Large | 2.18 (1.36-3.50) | <0.001 |
| Hospital region | ||
| Northeast | Reference | |
| Midwest | 0.57 (0.36-0.90) | 0.233 |
| South | 0.64 (0.41-1.00) | 0.675 |
| West | 0.58 (0.33-1.01) | 0.394 |
| Hospital location and teaching status | ||
| Rural | Reference | |
| Urban nonteaching | 1.64 (0.75-3.59) | 0.645 |
| Urban teaching | 2.11 (1.04-4.28) | 0.028 |
| Elixhauser comorbidity index | ||
| 0 | Reference | |
| 1 | 1.00 (0.18-5.60) | 0.12 |
| 2 | 2.17 (0.46-10.27) | 0.66 |
| ≥3 | 6.01 (1.35-26.75) | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes | 1.96 (1.64-2.43) | <0.0002 |
| Hypertension | 1.64 (1.42-1.97) | <0.0003 |
| Obesity | 1.68 (1.43-2.08) | <0.0004 |
| CRF | 1.52 (0.99-2.34) | 0.058 |
| Acute pancreatitis | 2.56 (1.37-6.53) | 0.007 |
| Cholelithiasis | 0.67 (0.13-3.47) | 0.633 |
| Diverticulitis | 1.45 (0.37-5.66) | 0.589 |
| Noninfectious gastroenteritis/colitis | 0.27 (0.03-2.72) | 0.265 |
| Nonvariceal upper GI bleeding | 1.26 (0.32-4.93) | 0.744 |
| Variceal upper GI bleeding | 2.88 (1.29-3.84) | 0.017 |
| Lower GI bleeding and diverticular bleeding | 0.77 (0.22-2.72) | 0.688 |
| Clostridium difficile | 3.16 (0.36-7.43) | 0.297 |
| Viral gastroenteritis | 0.87 (0.65-1.76) | 0.214 |
| Ulcerative colitis | 4.50 (1.14-7.74) | 0.032 |
| Acute cholangitis | 2.43 (1.14-4.93) | 0.017 |