Table 6. Sensitivity analysis using interaction terms including time for factors associated with mortality among COVID-positive patients presenting with GI conditions.
CRF, chronic renal failure; GI, gastrointestinal.
| Variables | OR (95% CI) | p-Value |
| Year | ||
| 2018 | Reference | |
| 2019 | 0.84 (0.23-1.83) | 0.526 |
| 2020 | 1.02 (0.76-2.46) | 0.372 |
| Age groups | ||
| 18-39 | Reference | |
| 40-64 | 1.18 (0.89-3.01) | 0.087 |
| 65-74 | 3.75 (1.22-8.32) | <0.001 |
| ≥75 | 4.1 (2.10-5.18) | <0.001 |
| Sex | ||
| Male | Reference | |
| Female | 0.71 (0.70-0.73) | <0.001 |
| Race | ||
| White | Reference | |
| African American | 0.98 (0.94-1.12) | 0.252 |
| Hispanic | 1.15 (0.87-1.31) | 0.334 |
| Asian Pacific Islander | 0.64 (9.26-1.98) | 0.536 |
| Native American | 1.76 (0.53-2.02) | 0.534 |
| Other/missing | 0.76 (0.35-1.98) | 0.249 |
| Primary payer | ||
| Medicare | Reference | |
| Medicaid | 0.63 (0.32-1.63) | 0.827 |
| Private | 1.03 (0.98-1.28) | 0.652 |
| Self-pay | 1.29 (0.17-2.42) | 0.735 |
| No charge | 0.89 (0.61-1.31) | 0.635 |
| Other | 1.17 (0.54-1.82) | 0.536 |
| Income | ||
| Q1 | Reference | |
| Q2 | 0.53 (0.45-2.14) | 0.342 |
| Q3 | 0.83 (0.79-1.28) | 0.453 |
| Q4 | 0.81 (0.76-1.52) | 0.536 |
| Hospital size | ||
| Small | Reference | |
| Medium | 1.16 (0.45-1.22) | 0.736 |
| Large | 1.18 (1.12-1.24) | <0.001 |
| Hospital region | ||
| Northeast | Reference | |
| Midwest | 0.67 (0.32-1.72) | 0.325 |
| South | 0.74 (0.59-1.79) | 0.273 |
| West | 0.81 (0.65-1.86) | 0.645 |
| Hospital location and teaching status | ||
| Rural | Reference | |
| Urban nonteaching | 1.34 (0.21-1.4) | 0.736 |
| Urban teaching | 1.44 (1.36-1.54) | <0.001 |
| Elixhauser comorbidity index | ||
| 0 | Reference | |
| 1 | 0.92 (0.82-1.03) | 0.241 |
| 2 | 1.14 (0.25-1.97) | 0.713 |
| ≥3 | 5.93 (2.62-23.28) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 1.09 (1.06-1.12) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 1.67 (1.65-1.69) | <0.001 |
| Obesity | 1.04 (1.01-1.08) | 0.0042 |
| CRF | 1.34 (0.74-1.95) | 0.0842 |
| Acute pancreatitis | 1.48 (1.44-1.53) | <0.001 |
| Cholelithiasis | 1.09 (0.58-2.05) | 0.7966 |
| Diverticulitis | 1.31 (0.38-4.53) | 0.6675 |
| Noninfectious gastroenteritis/colitis | 0.64 (0.08-5.38) | 0.6781 |
| Nonvariceal upper GI bleeding | 1.22 (0.64-1.53) | 0.0736 |
| Variceal upper GI bleeding | 1.72 (1.53-1.94) | <0.001 |
| Lower GI bleeding and diverticular bleeding | 0.71 (0.12-4.3) | 0.7082 |
| Clostridium difficile | 1.57 (0.37-6.61) | 0.5371 |
| Viral gastroenteritis | 1.01 (0.48-2.11) | 0.9817 |
| Ulcerative colitis | 0.57 (0.09-3.79) | 0.5639 |
| Acute cholangitis | 2.65 (1.28-5.82) | <0.001 |
| Age*Year | 0.84 (0.63-1.84) | 0.526 |
| Race*Year | 0.53 (0.11-1.98) | 0.245 |
| Primary payer*Year | 1.23 (0.23-2.87) | 0.452 |
| Hospital size*Year | 1.02 (0.65-1.93) | 0.263 |
| Elixhauser comorbidity index*Year | 0.71 (0.23-1.98) | 0.342 |