Table 2. Comparative analysis of Bioplastic production methods.

Sr. No.	Method	Source	Yield	Challenge	Reference
1	Fermentation	Sugars, starches, oils	Moderate	High production costs, scale-up challenges, environmental impact of feedstock cultivation	Bhatia et al. (2021)
2	Chemical synthesis	Biomass, fossil fuels	Moderate	Dependency on fossil fuels, energy-intensive processes, generation of by-products, limited biodegradability	Coppola et al. (2021)
3	Bio-based polymer blends	Various biobased sources	High	Compatibility issues between different polymers, performance variability, recycling complexities, environmental impact of additives	Censi et al. (2022)
4	Enzymatic polymerization	Monomers, polymers	High	Limited substrate specificity, control over polymerization parameters, enzyme stability and recyclability	Fernandes et al. (2022)