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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Sep 14.
Published in final edited form as: Acc Chem Res. 2024 Apr 24;57(9):1384–1397. doi: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00074

Figure 2.

Figure 2.

(a) Schematic overview of piezoelectric actuation. (b) Top: overview of BTNP stimulation via FUS. Bottom: an increase in activity measured by fluorescence intensity is seen only in BTNP(+)/FUS(+) experiments. (c) Left: overall schematic of BBB opening and voltage-gated neuromodulation by BTNP-pDA-BNN6 nanoparticles. Bottom right: voltage-clamp traces show increased ultrasound response. (d) Schematic of Neural Dust operation and image of surgical implantation. (e) Left: schematic of ultrasound energy harvesting device for DBS with labeled device components. Middle: electrophysiology measurements of periaqueductal gray stimulation. Right: schematic of implanted energy harvesting device with electrode in target deep brain region. Adapted with permission from ref (44) copyright 2015 American Chemical Society; ref (31) copyright 2023 Nature Publishing Group 2023; ref (45) copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.; and ref (48) copyright 2022 American Association for the Advancement of Science, respectively.