Table 2.
Regression Models Showing Sociodemographic, Behavioral, and Health Correlates of LCS Utilization, BRFSS 2019 to 2022
| Characteristics | 2019a |
2020b |
2021c |
2022d |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p Value | OR (95% CI) | p Value | OR (95% CI) | p Value | OR (95% CI) | p Value | |
| Age (y) | ||||||||
| 55–64 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| 65–74 | 1.18 (0.81–1.70) | 0.392 | 1.08 (0.52–2.27) | 0.832 | 2.42 (1.51–3.89) | <0.001 | 1.50 (1.24–1.83) | <0.001 |
| 75–79 | 0.64 (0.31–1.32) | 0.230 | 0.98 (0.33–2.89) | 0.966 | 0.82 (0.38–1.78) | 0.621 | 1.51 (1.13–2.02) | 0.006 |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Female | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Male | 1.07 (0.79–1.47) | 0.650 | 1.23 (0.74–2.07) | 0.425 | 1.16 (0.76–1.76) | 0.488 | 1.21 (1.04–1.40) | 0.013 |
| Race and ethnicity | ||||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| American Indian/Alaskan Native, non-Hispanic | 0.92 (0.39–2.15) | 0.843 | 0.63 (0.20–1.97) | 0.424 | 12.37 (4.39–34.88) | <0.001 | 0.60 (0.34–1.04) | 0.069 |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 1.31 (0.59–2.91) | 0.514 | 1.01 (0.22–4.55) | 0.991 | 0.46 (0.16–1.37) | 0.162 | 1.11 (0.84–1.45) | 0.463 |
| Hispanic | 1.22 (0.40–3.71) | 0.727 | 0.06 (0.01–0.64) | 0.020 | 0.92 (0.27–3.15) | 0.896 | 1.28 (0.83–1.98) | 0.264 |
| Other | 0.44 (0.12–1.54) | 0.199 | 0.19 (0.04–0.98) | 0.048 | 1.88 (0.72–4.89) | 0.195 | 0.85 (0.44–1.65) | 0.635 |
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Never married | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Married | 1.57 (0.81–3.06) | 0.185 | 1.67 (0.67–4.15) | 0.272 | 0.74 (0.37–1.49) | 0.397 | 1.01 (0.77–1.34) | 0.932 |
| Divorced/separated | 1.42 (0.73–2.75) | 0.299 | 1.19 (0.46–3.05) | 0.722 | 0.56 (0.26–1.20) | 0.133 | 0.92 (0.69–1.21) | 0.540 |
| Widowed | 1.41 (0.68–2.92) | 0.350 | 0.50 (0.17–1.50) | 0.214 | 1.02 (0.46–2.24) | 0.969 | 0.76 (0.56–1.03) | 0.080 |
| Education | ||||||||
| High school or less | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Attended college | 1.17 (0.84–1.64) | 0.361 | 0.51 (0.29–0.89) | 0.019 | 1.42 (0.89–2.25) | 0.140 | 1.02 (0.87–1.20) | 0.781 |
| Graduated college | 1.08 (0.73–1.59) | 0.700 | 0.50 (0.22–1.13) | 0.096 | 1.31 (0.75–2.27) | 0.345 | 1.07 (0.86–1.33) | 0.562 |
| Income | ||||||||
| ≤$35,000 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| $35,000–<$75,000 | 1.04 (0.71–1.54) | 0.834 | 1.55 (0.83–2.88) | 0.169 | 0.90 (0.53–1.53) | 0.690 | 1.07 (0.91–1.26) | 0.411 |
| $75,000+ | 0.81 (0.49–1.32) | 0.395 | 1.19 (0.53–2.65) | 0.674 | 0.89 (0.47–1.67) | 0.715 | 1.08 (0.85–1.38) | 0.515 |
| Employment | ||||||||
| Not in a workforce | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Employed | 0.75 (0.47–1.22) | 0.250 | 0.21 (0.10–0.47) | <0.001 | 0.87 (0.49–1.52) | 0.614 | 0.75 (0.59–0.95) | 0.017 |
| Retired | 1.04 (0.67–1.61) | 0.857 | 0.63 (0.27–1.48) | 0.289 | 0.62 (0.34–1.12) | 0.112 | 1.06 (0.85–1.31) | 0.602 |
| Residency | ||||||||
| Rural | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Urban | 0.94 (0.64–1.36) | 0.720 | 2.17 (1.27–3.73) | 0.005 | 1.17 (0.70–1.97) | 0.548 | 1.11 (0.91–1.34) | 0.304 |
| Health insurance | ||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Yes | 3.91 (1.58–9.70) | 0.003 | 2.60 (0.80–8.45) | 0.111 | 2.92 (0.55–15.68) | 0.210 | 2.80 (1.75–4.47) | <0.001 |
| Delayed medical care | ||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Yes | 0.55 (0.34–0.90) | 0.017 | 0.50 (0.16–1.57) | 0.235 | 1.09 (0.44–2.71) | 0.856 | 0.47 (0.37–0.62) | <0.001 |
| General health status | ||||||||
| Fair/poor | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Very good/excellent | 0.95 (0.62–1.45) | 0.818 | 0.69 (0.33–1.44) | 0.321 | 0.91 (0.50–1.66) | 0.751 | 1.04 (0.88–1.23) | 0.646 |
| Good | 1.00 (0.69–1.45) | 0.995 | 0.90 (0.47–1.72) | 0.751 | 0.69 (0.41–1.17) | 0.173 | 0.86 (0.70–1.05) | 0.127 |
| Lung disease | ||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Yes | 2.50 (1.79–3.52) | <0.001 | 2.59 (1.43–4.71) | 0.002 | 2.11 (1.34–3.32) | 0.001 | 3.16 (2.70–3.69) | <0.001 |
| Asthma | ||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Yes | 0.86 (0.56–1.33) | 0.498 | 0.77 (0.39–1.52) | 0.445 | 1.02 (0.59–1.78) | 0.945 | 0.83 (0.68–1.02) | 0.074 |
| Cancer history | ||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Yes | 2.40 (1.68–3.42) | <0.001 | 2.20 (1.16–4.20) | 0.016 | 1.81 (1.07–3.08) | 0.028 | 1.75 (1.47–2.08) | <0.001 |
| Skin cancer history | ||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Yes | 1.01 (0.66–1.54) | 0.961 | 1.35 (0.66–2.78) | 0.416 | 1.45 (0.83–2.55) | 0.193 | 1.31 (1.04–1.66) | 0.024 |
| Smoking status | ||||||||
| Former | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Current | 0.94 (0.70–1.27) | 0.703 | 0.84 (0.49–1.44) | 0.525 | 0.67 (0.45–1.01) | 0.058 | 0.97 (0.83–1.13) | 0.668 |
Notes: 2019, 2020, and 2021 BRFSS data include LCS questions in their BRFSS optional module. In 2022, LCS questions were included in the core questionnaire. All the states that we included in this study completed the optional LCS module (Combined Land Line and Cell Phone data) in the years 2019, 2020, and 2021.
BRFSS, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System; CI, confidence interval; LCS, lung cancer screening.
2019 data come from 16 U.S. states (Arizona, Idaho, Kentucky, Maine, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, North Carolina, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Utah, Vermont, West Virginia, Wisconsin).
2020 data come from five U.S. states (Delaware, Maine, New Jersey, North Dakota, South Dakota).
2021 data come from four U.S. states (Maine, Michigan, New Jersey, Rhode Island).
2022 data come from all U.S. states.