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. 2024 Aug 30;42:140–164. doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.08.027

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© 2024 The Authors

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

Fig. 6 — Representative achievements of biosensors in studying organoids. (A) Kidney organoids were generated with an ATP/ADP biosensor for drug nephrotoxicity assessment. Copyright 2023, Frontiersin.org. (B) Modular physical, biochemical and optical sensors on an organoid chip, sensing microenvironment factors and the organ's dynamic response to pharmaceutical compounds over time. Copyright 2017, PNAS. (C) Multielectrode arrays-brain organoids interface to allow electrophysiological output recording. Copyright 2022, American Association for the Advancement of Science. (D) Three-dimensional, multifunctional neural interfaces for cortical spheroids and engineered assemblies. Copyright 2021, American Association for the Advancement of Science [117,119,129,145].