Table 3.

Summary of Current Research Directions and Findings

Research Area	Research Direction	Keywords	Key Findings	Future Directions	References
Cell Biology	Cellular Senescence	Cellular senescence, p53, cell cycle arrest	Senescence of renal tubular epithelial cells accelerates CKD progression. Mitochondrial overfusion is linked to DRP1 downregulation. Lack of TREM1/3 cells causes cell cycle arrest and decreased mitochondrial metabolism.	Develop drugs targeting mitochondrial metabolism to delay senescence and advance preclinical and clinical research.	[15–18]
	Ferroptosis	Ferroptosis, lipid peroxidation	Succinate: quinone oxidoreductase degradation leads to mitochondrial dysfunction, aggravating ferroptosis and AKI. PKM2 regulates glycolysis, maintaining mitochondrial integrity.	Study drug interventions in ferroptosis and promote translational applications.	[19–21]
	Mitochondrial Quality Control	Biogenesis, dynamics, mitophagy, fusion, fission, PGC-1α, NRF1, MFN1, PINK1, Parkin, SIRT1	Mitochondrial biogenesis driven by PGC-1α promotes nuclear respiratory factors and TFAM expression. Fusion and fission integrate mitochondria into networks. Damaged mitochondria are cleared by mitophagy via PINK1-Parkin pathway.	Develop drugs regulating mitochondrial quality and conduct preclinical studies.	[8,22–29]
Emerging Therapies	Pharmacotherapy	Antioxidants, MitoQ, Szeto-Schiller (SS), SS-31, MitoTEMPO, SkQR1	Antioxidants like MitoQ and SS peptides protect mitochondrial membranes, clear ROS, and inhibit permeability transition. Mitochondrial acetate increases ATP levels, reducing AKI tubular necrosis.	Improve drug bioavailability and stability, and advance clinical applications.	[30–35]
	Natural Products	Curcumin, Resveratrol	Curcumin protects kidneys by regulating immune system, clearing ROS, reducing apoptosis, and improving mitochondrial function. Resveratrol enhances antioxidant responses and mitochondrial homeostasis.	Study mechanisms of natural products and conduct translational research.	[36–39]
	Nanomedicine	liposomes, nanoparticles, drug delivery systems	Curcumin derivatives target mitochondria via KIM-1 receptor-mediated endocytosis and TPP action. New technologies like nanoparticles and liposomes show potential in improving bioavailability and stability.	Optimize nano-drug delivery systems and promote preclinical and clinical applications.	[40–43]
	Cell Therapy	Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), exosomes	MSCs reduce mitochondrial fission and enhance biogenesis. Fibroblast-derived vesicles promote mitophagy, inhibit pyroptosis, and improve kidney function.	Optimize cell therapy and advance preclinical and clinical applications.	[44–46]