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. 2024 Sep 15;15:8081. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-52310-9

Fig. 2. 439 candidate pairs of causal relationships between 213 NMR biomarkers and 20 aging-related diseases identified in multivariable Mendelian randomization (MVMR) analysis.

Fig. 2

Biomarker-disease pairs reaching nominal significance in both MVMR-IVW and MVMR-Egger methods were plotted. P values (two-sided, without multiple testing adjustments) and effect sizes are estimated from the MVMR-IVW method. The threshold for significance, adjusted for multiple comparisons, is set at 5E-04 using the Bonferroni-correction (Methods). 14 biomarker-disease pairs reaching the Bonferroni-corrected p value threshold in MVMR-IVW and MVMR-Egger methods are enlarged. NMR biomarkers are represented as dots and aging-related diseases as asterisks. Blue lines indicate negative causal estimates and red lines indicate positive causal estimates. The color intensity of the links is proportional to the corresponding estimated effect size. The transparency and width of the links are proportional to the −log(p value) from MVMR-IVW, which indicates the strength of the association. COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CKD chronic kidney disease, GERD gastro-esophageal reflux disease. Full names for NMR biomarkers in the plot can be found in Supplementary Data 1. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.