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. 2024 Sep 15;14:21533. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-72346-7

Table 3.

Estimated carcinogenic risks through ingestion, inhalation, and dermal pathways for children and adults.

	Adult					Children
Carcinogenic	CR_ingestion	CR_inhalation	CR_dermal	TCR	CR_ingestion	CR_inhalation	CR_dermal	TCR
As	4.8E-06	2.5E-07	6.8E-07	5.8E-06	4.5E-05	1.2E-07	5.4E-07	4.7E-05
Cd	6.9E-06	6.1E-11	–	6.9E-06	6.4E-05	2.8E-10	–	6.4E-05
Co	–	1.2E-10	–	1.2E-10	–	5.6E-10	–	5.6E-10
Cr	7.4E-05	1.3E-10	3.5E-08	7.4E-05	6.9E-04	6.0E-10	2.8E-08	6.9E-04
Ni	1.7E-05	4.4E-09	6.8E-08	1.7E-05	1.6E-04	2.1E-08	5.5E-08	1.6E-04
Total	1.0E-04	2.5E-07	7.8E-07	1.0E-04	9.5E-04	1.2E-06	6.3E-07	9.6E-04