Table 3.

The role of bioactive molecules in MSC-derived exosomes in preclinical studies of DFU.

		Source		Researchers	References
miRNA	miR-21	UC-MSCs	miR-21 enhances the proliferation and migration capabilities of corneal epithelial cells by inhibiting PTEN, subsequently upregulating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, thereby effectively facilitating corneal injury repair and regeneration./miR-21-5p enhances angiogenesis by upregulating VEGFR and activating the AKT and MAPK signaling pathways.	Liu, X. et al./Huang, C. et al.	[263,265]
	miR-23	UC-MSCs	miR-23 suppresses the excessive deposition of α-smooth muscle actin and collagen by inhibiting the TGF-β/SMAD2 signaling pathway.	S. Fang et al.	[267]
	miR-126	SMSCs	miR-126 enhances the proliferation of human dermal fibroblasts and HMEC-1, as well as the migration of HMEC-1, collagen and tubule formation.	Tao, S.C. et al.	[269]
	miR-146	BM-MSCs	miR-146a downregulates the target genes TRAF6 and IRAK1, leading to reduced expression levels of NF-kB, IL-6, and MIP-2, which in turn suppresses the local inflammatory response in the body.	Xu, J. et al.	[270]
	miR-210-3p	BM-MSCs	miRNA-210-3p enhances the expression of the VEGF gene and activates the expression of pro-angiogenic proteins ERK and AKT, thereby exerting a role in improving microcirculation and promoting angiogenesis.	Gangadaran, P. et al.	[271]
	miR-221-3p	BM-MSCs	miRNA-221-3p modulates the AKT/eNOS pathway, thereby enhancing the functional activity of endothelial cells.	Yu, M. et al.	[272]
	miR-223	BM-MSCs, JMMSCs	miR-223 induces M2 polarization of macrophages by targeting pknox1.	He, X. et al.	[273]
lncRNA	lncRNA H19	BM-MSCs, HF-MSCs	lncRNA H19 orchestrates the healing process of DFU by modulating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and fostering a synergistic interplay between miR-152-3p and PTEN./lncRNA H19 inhibits the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, thus facilitating HaCaT proliferation, migration, and suppressing cell pyroptosis.	Li, B. et al./Yang, H. et al.	[274,275]
	MALAT1	BM-MSCs	MALAT1 induces a reduction in the expression level of miR-205-5p and enhances the translation level of VEGF protein.	Zhu, L. et al.	[276]
circRNA	mmu_circ_0000250	ADSCs	mmu_circ_0000250 upregulates SIRT1 expression level while absorbing miR-128-3p.	Shi, R. et al.	[277]