Table 1.

Laboratory platforms for cytokine measurements reported

	ELISA	Electrically activated chemiluminescence, bead-based multiplexing	Proximity extension assay
Method	antibody-based immunofluorescence	Antibody based chemiluminescence	Combined antibody and PCR
Sample volume (μL)	∼50–100	∼25	1
Proteins measured	1 at a time	4, 10, 30, 48	>3,000
Hands-on time	high	lower	lower
Time to data	hours	hours	1–2 days
Dynamic range	1–2 logs	3–4 log+	5 log+
Output	absolute value	absolute value	relative value
Examples	many	MSD, Luminex	Olink
Advantages	sensitive, rapid, high throughput	multiplexing, linear range	multiplexing, sensitive and specific, high throughput, low sample volume
Limitations	sample preparation, false positives, time intensive	specialized instrumentation	validated with serum and plasma samples

ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; MSD: Meso Scale Discovery.