Table 2.

Mucosal vaccines currently in clinical trials for respiratory pathogens.

Type	Pathogen	Vaccine	Route	Antigen	Trial Phase	Clinical trial identifier	References
Live-attenuated or inactivated	SARS-CoV-2	COVI-VAC (Codagenix)	Intranasal	Live attenuated SARS-CoV-2	Phase I	NCT04619628	(169)
		DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD OPT1 (University of Hong Kong)	Intranasal	Live attenuated influenza virus (LAIV) encoding SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD)	Phase III	ChiCTR2100051391	(156, 170, 171)
	RSV	RSV ΔNS2 Δ1313 I1314L	Intranasal	Live attenuated RSV	Phase II	NCT03916185	(172)
		MV-012-968 (Meissa Vaccines)	Intranasal	Live attenuated RSV with F, SH, and G virulence gene modifications	Phase I	NCT04444284	(173)
	Influenza	BPL-1357 (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases)	Intranasal	Beta-propiolactone (BPL)- inactivated whole virus	Phase I	NCT05027932	(174))
Non-replicating viral vector		BBV154 (Bharat Biotech)	Intranasal	Adenoviral vector encoding the spike protein	Phase I	NCT04751682	(175, 176)
		PIV5 (CVXGA1)	Intranasal	Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) expressing the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein	Phase I	NCT04954287	(177, 178)
	SARS- CoV-2	VXA-CoV2-1.1 S (Vaxart)	Oral	Adenoviral (Ad5) vector encoding S and N proteins from SARS-Cov-2	Phase II	NCT05067933	(179)
		hAd5-SFusion+ N-ETSD (ImmunityBio)	Oral + Subcu.	Adenoviral (Ad5) vector encoding the S-fusion domain and N protein	Phase I	NCT04732468	(180)
		AdCOVID (Altimmune)	Intranasal	Adenoviral vector encoding RBD of S1 spike protein	Phase I	NCT04679909	(181)
	Influenza	VXA-A1.1 (Vaxart)	Oral	Adenoviral vector encoding H1N1 hemagglutinin (HA) protein	Phase II	NCT00197301	(182)
Protein subunit	SARS-CoV-2	MAMBISA/CIGB 669 (CIGB, Havana)	Intranasal (booster dose)	Monomeric receptor binding domain (RBD) of S1 spike protein	Phase II	RPCEC00000345	(183)