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. 2023 Nov 3;3:58. [Version 1] doi: 10.3310/nihropenres.13443.1

Table 1. Characteristics of participants during three periods of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in England and Wales.

Restriction period Post lifting of national restrictions Omicron wave
Characteristic Category N=17,256 (%
in category)		 Number of
infections
n= 502 (%
within
category)		 Unadjusted
Odds ratio,
95% confidence
interval, p-
value		 N=11,413 (%
in category)		 Number of
infections
n= 493 (%
within
category)		 Unadjusted
Odds ratio,
95% confidence
interval, p-
value		 N=11, 964 (%
in category)		 Number of
infections
n= 2,335
(% within
category)		 Unadjusted
Odds Ratio,
95% confidence
interval, p-
value
Sex Male
Female
Missing		 7555 (44%)
9519 (56%)
     182		 191 (2.53%)
307 (3.23%)		 1.00
1.28 (1.06 – 1.54)
P=0.0069		 4857 (43%)
6470 (57%)
    86		 209 (4.3%)
278 (4.3%)		 1.00
0.99 (0.83 – 1.19)
P=0.9869		 5085(43%)
6857 (57%)
    22		     995 (19.57%)
1334 (19.45%)		 1.00
0.99 (0.91 – 1.09)
P=0.8778
Age 18 – 34
35 – 49
50 – 64
65 – 79
80 plus		 1322 (8%)
2332 (14%)
5812 (34%)
7296 (42%)
     494 (3%)		 66 (4.99%)
111 (4.76%)
178 (3.06%)
141 (1.93%)
     6 (1.21%)		 1.00
0.95 (0.69 – 1.29)
0.60 (0.45 – 0.80)
0.38 (0.28 – 0.51)
0.23 (0.10 – 0.54)
P<0.0001		         467 (4%)
1019 (9%)
3884 (34%)
5683 (49%)
        359 (3%)		     35 (7.5%)
    92 (9.0%)
204 (5.3%)
153 (2.7%)
    9 (2.5%)		 1.22 (0.82 – 1.84)
0.68 (0.47 – 0.99)
0.34 (0.23 – 0.49)
0.32 (0.15 – 0.67)
1.00
P<0.0001		      389 (3.25%)
1013 (8.47%)
4075 (34.06%)
6127 (51.21%)
     360 (3.01%)		 119 (30.59%)
    272 (26.85%)
    825 (20.25%)
1,080 (17.63%)
    39 (10.83%)		 1.00
0.83 (0.64 – 1.08)
0.58 (0.46 – 0.72)
0.49 (0.39 – 0.61)
0.28 (0.19 – 0.41)
P<0.0001
Vaccination
status		 No
Yes		 1,298 (8%)
15,958 (92%)
*during wave		     64 (4.93%)
438 (2.74%)		 1.00
0.54 (0.42 – 0.71)
P<0.0001		     687 (6%)
10,726 (94%)
*by start of
period		     29 (4.3%)
464 (4.2%)		 1.00
1.03 (0.69 – 1.51)
P=0.8955		 9,891 (83%)
2,073 (17%)
*during wave		 1,968 (19.90%)
     367 (17.70%)		 1.00
0.87 (0.77 – 0.98)
P=0.0207
Region East Midlands
East of England
London
North East
North West
South East
South West
Wales
W. Midlands
Yorkshire &
The Humber
Missing		 1652 (10%)
3598 (21%)
1935 (11%)
     906 (5%)
1967 (12%)
3109 (18%)
1445 (8%)
     432 (3%)
1030 (6%)
     957 (6%)

     225		 49 (2.97%)
113 (3.14%)
91 (4.70%)
29 (3.20%)
59 (3.00%)
58 (1.87%)
33 (2.28%)
    8 (1.85%)
24 (2.33%)
36 (3.76%)		 1.00
1.06 (0.75 – 1.49)
1.61 (1.13 – 2.29)
1.08 (0.68 – 1.72)
1.01 (0.69 – 1.49_
0.62 (0.42 – 0.91)
0.76 (0.49 – 1.19)
0.62 (0.29 – 1.31)
0.78 (0.48 – 1.28)
1.28 (0.83 – 1.98)
P<0.0001		 1065 (9%)
2551 (23%)
1202 (11%)
     581 (5%)
1192 (11%)
2210 (19%)
     924 (8%)
     266 (2%)
     626 (6%)
     615 (5%)

     181		 35 (3.3%)
92 (3.6%)
57 (4.7%)
35 (6.0%)
62 (5.2%)
102 (4.6%)
33 (3.6%)
18 (6.8%)
33 (5.3%)
15 (2.4%)		 1.00
1.10 (0.74 – 1.64)
1.47 (0.95 – 2.25)
1.89 (1.17 – 3.05)
1.61 (1.06 – 2.46)
1.42 (0.96 – 2.11)
1.09 (0.67 – 1.77)
2.14 (1.19 – 3.83)
1.64 (1.01 – 2.66)
0.74 (0.39 – 1.36)		 1142 (10%)
2443 (21%)
1139 (10%)
     590 (5%)
1244 (11%)
2407 (20%)
1079 (9%)
     361 (3%)
     684 (6%)
     714 (6%)

161		 215 (18.83%)
492 (20.14%)
245 (21.51%)
125 (21.19%)
248 (19.94%)
480 (19.94%)
204 (18.91%)
    52 (14.40%)
126 (18.42%)
120 (16.81%)		 1.00
1.09 (0.91 – 1.29)
1.18 (0.96 – 1.45)
1.16 (0.91 – 1.48)
1.07 (0.88 – 1.32)
1.07 (0.89 – 1.28)
1.01 (0.81 – 1.24)
0.73 (0.52 – 1.01)
0.97 (0.76 – 1.24)
0.87 (0.68 – 1.11)
P=0.0687
Lives alone Lives alone
Lives with
someone
Missing		     3570 (21%)
13,667 (79%)
        19		 110 (3.08%)
392 (2.87%)		 1.00
0.93 (0.75 – 1.15)
P=0.5032		 2,869 (25%)
8,544 (75%)		      81 (2.8%)
412 (4.8%)		 1.00
1.74 (1.37 – 2.22)
P<0.0001		 3124 (26.11%)
8840 (73.89%)		      518 (16.58%)
1817 (20.55%)		 1.00
1.30 (1.17 -1.45)
P<0.0001
Lives with
children		 No
Yes
Missing		 15,167 (88%)
    2070 (12%)
     19		 405 (2.67%)
     97 (4.69%)		 1.00
1.79 (1.43 – 2.25)
P<0.0001		 10,679 (94%)
    734 (6%)		 404 (3.8%)
    89 (12.1%)		 1.00
3.51 (2.57 – 4.47)
P<0.0001		 11,267 (94%)
    697 (6%)		 2128 (18.89%)
    207 (29.70%)		 1.00
1.81 (1.53 – 2.15)
P<0.0001
Residential
area		 Any rural
Any urban
Any conurbation
missing		 4533 (27%)
7887 (46%)
4591 (27%)
     245		 105 (2.32%)
205 (2.60%)
190 (4.14%)		 1.00
1.13 (0.89 – 1.43)
1.82 (1.43 – 2.32)
P<0.0001		 2886 (26%)
5209 (46%)
3137 (28%)
181		 106 (3.7%)
216 (4.2%)
160 (5.1%)		 1.00
1.13 (0.89 – 1.43)
1.41 (1.09 – 1.81)
P=0.0201		 3153 (27%)
5570 (47%)
3080 (26%)
     161		     549 (17.41%)
1094 (19.64%)
    664 (21.56%)		 1.00
1.16 (1.04 – 1.29)
1.30 (1.15 – 1.48)
P=0.0002
Deprivation
score (IMD
quintile) 1=
most deprived		 1
2
3
4
5
Missing		 1333 (8%)
2535 (15%)
3479 (20%)
4538 (27%)
5146 (30%)		     61 (4.58%)
    99 (3.91%)
114 (3.28%)
108 (2.38%)
118 (2.29%)		 2.04 (1.49 – 2.80)
1.73 (1.32 – 2.27)
1.44 (1.11 – 1.87)
1.04 (0.79 – 1.35)
1.00
P<0.0001		      852 (8%)
1589 (14%)
2,290 (20%)
3,032 (27%)
3,469 (31%)
181		     44 (5.2%)
    69 (4.3%)
    94 (4.1%)
141 (4.7%)
134 (3.9%)		 1.36 (0.96 – 1.92)
1.13 (0.84 – 1.52)
1.07 (0.81 – 1.39)
1.21 (0.95 – 1.55)
1.00
P=0.3764		      825 (7%)
1613 (14%)
2366 (20%)
3090 (26%)
3909 (33%)
161		      184 (22.30%)
317 (19.65%)
481 (20.33%)
564 (18.25%)
761 (19.47%)		 1.19 (0.99 – 1.42)
1.01 (0.87 – 1.17)
1.06 (0.93 – 1.19)
0.92 (0.82 – 1.04)
1.00
P=0.0865